Bridge Card Game History

History Of Contract Bridge
Bridge Card Game Wikipedia

These terms are used in contract bridge,^[1]^[2] using duplicate or rubber scoring. Some of them are also used in whist, bid whist, the obsolete game auction bridge, and other trick-taking games. This glossary supplements the Glossary of card game terms.

In the following entries,boldface linksare external to the glossary andplain linksreference other glossary entries.

History of Bridge - The origin of playing cards was in China, where paper was invented, dates back to around the year 1120. Originally, cards were used for fortune telling and gambling. Cards were introduced into Italy and Spain around 1370, probably coming from Egypt. Origins and history of Bridge. Adapted from an article in ACBL publication. The card game got its name from the Galata Bridge, a bridge spanning the Golden Horn and linking the old and new parts of European Istanbul, where they apparently crossed every day to go to a coffeehouse to play cards.

0–9[edit]

3014 or 3014 RKCB: A mnemonic for the original (Roman) response structure to the Roman Key Card Blackwood convention. It represents '3 or 0' and '1 or 4', meaning that the lowest step response (5♣) to the 4NT key card asking bid shows responder has three or zero keycards and the next step (5♦) shows one or four.
1430 or 1430 RKCB: A mnemonic for a variant response structure to the Roman Key Card Blackwood convention. It represents '1 or 4' and '3 or 0', meaning that the lowest step response (5♣) to the 4NT key card asking bid shows responder has one or four keycards and the next step (5♦) shows three or zero.
1RF: One round force.
2-under preempts: A 2 or 3-level conventional opening bid made two steps below the opener's suit: for example, 2♦ to show a weak two bid in spades or 3♣ to show a three-level preempt in hearts. If 2♣ is a strong, artificial force, 2♥ is natural.
4SF: Fourth suit forcing.

A[edit]

Rubber Bridge Scoring

Above the line: In rubber bridge, the location on the scorepad above the main horizontal line where extra points are entered; extra points are those awarded for holding honor cards in trumps, for bonuses for scoring game, small slam, grand slam or winning a rubber, for overtricks on the declaring side and for undertricks on the defending side and for fulfilling doubled or redoubled contracts. Points awarded for contract odd tricks bid and made are entered below the line. See Bridge scoring.
ACBL: American Contract Bridge League, the sport governing body for bridge in North America – defined as Bermuda, Canada, Mexico, and the United States – and the sponsoring organization of North American Bridge Championships (NABC). Its members are players, grouped in regional districts and local units for some purposes. Contrast USBF.
Acol: An approach–forcing, natural bidding system, based on a weak NT and 4-card majors, popular in the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth.
Active

An approach to defending a hand that emphasizes quickly setting up winners and taking tricks. Contrast Passive.
An approach to competitive bidding that emphasizes frequent interference with opponents' bidding sequences.

Adjusted score: In duplicate bridge, a score awarded by the Director (when empowered by the Laws) in order to redress damage to a non-offending side and to take away any advantage gained by an offending side through an infraction. It may be 'assigned' (weighted to reflect the probabilities of a number of potential results) or 'artificial' (otherwise). The scores awarded to the two sides need not balance.
Advance cue bid: The cue bid of a first round control that occurs before a partnership has agreed on a strain.
Advance sacrifice: A sacrifice bid made before the opponents have had an opportunity to determine their optimum contract. For example: 1♦ - (1♠) - Dbl - (5♠).
Advancer: Overcaller's partner, especially one who bids following the overcall.
Adverse vulnerability: Vulnerable against non-vulnerable opponents. Also called 'unfavorable vulnerability'.
Aggregate scoring: Deciding the outcome of a contest by totaling the raw points gained or lost on each deal. Also called 'total point scoring'.
Agree: For a partnership to come to a decision, explicitly, conventionally or by implication, on the denomination in which to play a hand.
Agreement: An understanding between partners as to the meaning of a particular call or defensive play. There are two types of call agreements: (1) when the call is natural, the agreement is said to be a treatment, and (2) when the call is artificial, the agreement is said to be a convention.
Air, as 'on air'

♥ K Q 5 4
♥ A 7 6 2	W N↑ S↓ E	♥ J 10 9 3
♥ 8

(Slang) To win a trick with a high card while capturing only small cards, commonly said of a defensive play. In the example at right, when South leads the ♥8, West must take the ♥A on air, or risk making no heart tricks. Nevertheless, best defense on a given hand may call either for ducking the winner or for playing it on air.
Alcatraz coup: Declarer's intentional and unethical attempt to locate a finessable card by revoking. If the play is unintentional, it is nevertheless subject to score adjustment.
Alert: A method of informing the opponents that partner's call carries a meaning they might not expect. Sponsoring organizations set rules on which calls must be alerted and how; any method of alerting may be authorized, such as saying 'Alert', displaying an Alert card from a bidding box, or knocking on the table. Regardless whether a call is alerted, either opponent may ask its meaning, either at his/her turn or after the end of the auction. The player who made the call may contribute to its explanation only after the auction and only if he/she is declarer or dummy. Slightly different rules apply when screens are in use.
Announcement: A method of promptly informing the opponents that partner's call has a particular meaning. The purposes of announcements and alerts are similar, but an announcement gives the meaning where an alert may prompt the opponents to ask the meaning. Sponsoring organizations set rules on which calls should be announced. The ACBL specifies announcements including 'Transfer' for some transfer replies to notrump bids, the point range such as '15 to 17' for an opening bid of one notrump, and 'Forcing' or 'Semi-forcing' for a 1NT response to a major suit opening bid.
Antipositional: A call is antipositional if it tends to make the 'wrong' partner the declarer. If West opens the bidding, it may be best for South to declare a North-South contract, so that West will have to play from his high cards on opening lead. This positioning may protect South's tenaces. In that case, a call that will make North declarer is antipositional. See wrongside.
Appeal: In tournaments, to appeal is to request that a committee review a ruling made by a director.
Approach–forcing: A principle, first used in the Culbertson system, that has survived in modern bidding. The original idea was to abandon the indiscriminate notrump bids that characterized auction bridge in favor of a slower exchange of information via suit bidding.
Arrow: A marker, usually a large card with an arrow on it, that shows which direction is treated as North at a table in a duplicate event.
Arrow switch: The action of changing the North direction during an event, typically for the last round of a Mitchell movement, so that the pairs who were North-South become East-West and vice versa. This allows a single winning pair to be determined.
Artificial

A call that is not natural which by agreement carries a coded meaning not necessarily related to the call's (or to the prior call's) denomination.
A bidding system that contains many such calls.

Asking bid: A bid that, by prior agreement, requests information about a feature of partner's hand: for example, number of controls, suit length, or control of a particular suit.
Attacking lead: A lead that instigates an active defense; often, the lead of an honor from a sequence, or a forcing defense.
Attitude: A defender's desire, or lack thereof, for his side to continue playing a suit. By means of signals, defender encourages or discourages the continuation of the suit.
Auction

See bidding.
Auction bridge, an earlier form of bridge, differing from today's contract bridge chiefly in the scoring. Most notably, overtricks counted the same as tricks bid and made, so they were scored below the line and any contract, no matter how low, could produce a game or slam bonus.

Austrian System: Another name for Vienna System.

Autobridge, a device for learning bridge

Autobridge: A variant of contract bridge for play by one person; alternatively, a means for one to learn or practice the game alone. Information for each deal is pre-printed on one sheet of paper in a special layout. Such a 'deal' is loaded in a mechanical template (see image at right) which the operator-player manipulates selectively and sequentially to reveal some of the information. Paper deals are distributed in numbered sets of 'Autobridge Refills'.
Automatic squeeze: A squeeze position that succeeds against either opponent. Compare with Positional squeeze.
Average

In matchpoint scoring, one-half the matchpoints available on a given deal.
An average score is sometimes awarded to one or both pairs when for some reason they cannot play the board. If neither pair is at fault or both pairs are at fault, the director may decide to award an average to each side. Law 12.C.2 of the Laws of Duplicate Contract Bridge states that if one pair is at fault, it receives an average-minus (at most, 40% of the available matchpoints on the board). A pair not at all at fault receives average-plus: 60% of the available matchpoints on the board, or, if greater, the average of the matchpoints the pair earned on other boards played during the session or of the matchpoints earned against their current opponents. The assigned scores need not sum to the total available matchpoints.
In IMP (Butler) pairs, 'average' refers to the 'datum' used in scoring.

Avoidance play: A play designed to keep a particular defender off lead, often to prevent the lead of a suit through a tenace position in either declarer's hand or dummy.

B[edit]

Back in: To make a partnership's first bid, having previously passed. For example, in 1♥ - (P) - 1NT - (P); 2♣ - (Dbl), the doubler has backed into the bidding.
Backward finesse: A combination of two finesses in a suit such that the first finesse is 'backward': that is, leading away from the hand containing the tenace.
Balance: To keep the bidding open when it is about to be passed out at a low level. For example, if the bidding goes 1♥ - (P) - P - (1NT), the 1NT bid is a balancing action. The balancing bid is often made with a hand of substandard strength in order to prevent the opponents from securing a low-level contract.
Balanced distribution

Narrowly, a balanced distribution of a hand is 4-3-3-3, 4-4-3-2 or 5-3-3-2. Equivalently, there are no voids, no singletons, and at most one doubleton.
Balanced is sometimes used in a broad sense that includes semi-balanced. Broadly, balanced distribution permits no void, singleton, or 7-card suit.

Balanced hand: A hand with balanced distribution in the narrow or wide sense just above. On the first round of bidding, natural notrump bids generally denote balanced hands.
BAM: Board-a-match, one method of scoring a duplicate bridge session or tournament.
Bar: To prevent a player from making a bid, either by a penalty caused by an irregularity, or because partnership agreement requires a pass in a given situation. In either case, the player is said to be 'barred.'
Bar bid: A bid which by partnership agreement requires partner to pass at future turns to call in the current auction. Raises of partner's weak two opening bid are one common example. The raise might be extending the preempt, to make, or to push the opponents a level too high. If the opponents bid over a bar bid raise, the partner who made the bar bid may intend to pass, double for penalty, preempt, or raise again to push the opponents. Hence, the reason that partner is barred. The partner who made the bar bid may be ″operating.” None of the other three players can know the intent of the player who made the bar bid. Thus, the partner must pass, and the opponents must guess.
Barometer scoring: In a duplicate event, the posting of contestants' running scores after each round. Knowledge of the current standings often adds excitement to the contest, and can affect the strategies adopted by those in a position to win the event.
Bath coup: A holdup by declarer, to prevent an opponent from continuing a suit. In the classic position, declarer holds ♠AJ2 and West, on declarer's left, leads ♠K from ♠KQ1098. By playing the 2 on West's K, South makes it impossible for West to continue spades without giving South a free finesse.
Beer card: The ♦7.
Below the line: In rubber bridge, the place on the score pad (below the main horizontal line) where trick points scored for making a contract, i.e. tricks bid for and taken exclusive of overtricks, are recorded. These are the points counted towards game. See Above the line and Bridge scoring.
Benjaminised Acol or 'Benji': A variant of Acol where 2♣ and 2♦ are strong bids of different strengths, and 2♥ and 2♠ are weak twos. Invented by Scottish international player Albert Benjamin.
Better minor: A commonly used term for the choice of minor suit opening bid with less than four cards, typically in five card major systems. In Standard American Yellow Card, it is normal to bid the longer suit with 3 cards in one and two in the other, and 1 ♣ with 3-3. In this sense the term is a misnomer as a poor club suit (e.g. Jxx) may be opener instead of a stronger diamond suit (e.g. KQx). 'Prepared minor' would be more precise terminology. See prepared bid.
Bermuda Bowl: The trophy awarded to the winner of the World Zonal Open Team Championship, the most prestigious in bridge. More commonly the term refers to the competition itself, a biennial two-week tournament among open teams that have qualified in their geographic zones.
Bid

A specification of both level and denomination or strain, such as three notrump or four hearts. While any legal bid constitutes a potential contract, some bids carry special coded meanings when used by the partnership as a conventional bid and as such are not normally intended as a potential contract.
An obsolete term meaning 'contract' (noun).

Bid out of turn: A bid erroneously made when it was another player's turn to bid. Subject to penalty.
Biddable suit: A suit that a partnership regards as long and strong enough to be bid naturally. Partnerships often employ different standards of length and strength for suits named in opening bids, in responses, in rebids and in overcalls.
Bidding: The first stage of a deal, when players jointly determine the final contract. Having examined their own cards, they make a series of calls in rotation, which is called the auction or the bidding.
Bidding box: A box placed on the table (one box for each player) that contains cards with calls printed on them, as well as other cards such as 'alert'. By selecting and displaying a card, a player can make a call without speaking. Silent bidding removes one source of unauthorized information from the game.
Bidding space: The number of steps available in an auction, or the number of steps consumed by a bid. The sequence 1♣ - 1♦ consumes only one step, whereas 1♦ - 2♣ consumes four steps. Because alternative bids are skipped, it often happens that the more steps a bid takes up, the more specific meaning it carries. See Useful Space Principle.
Bidding system: The complete set of agreements and understandings assigned to calls and sequences of calls used by a partnership, including a full description of the meaning of each treatment and convention.
Biltcliffe coup: (British slang) A sarcastic term applied to a poor result as a consequence of four steps: (1) the opponents are about to play in a part score, when you bid in pass-out seat, (2) the opponents then bid game, (3) you double for penalties, and (4) they make the contract. In some circles, the coup is not recognized unless the contract makes through misdefense.^[3]
BIT: Break in tempo. See Tempo def 2.
Blackwood convention: Popular bidding convention in contract bridge, used to determine number of partner's aces/kings to evaluate for slam bids.
Blank

(Adjective) Unprotected by other, usually lower cards in the same suit: 'I held the blank king of spades.'
(Verb) To discard in such a way as to leave a card unprotected: 'She blanked the king of spades.'

Blitz: (Slang) A win by a sufficiently wide margin in IMPs to earn the maximum possible number (or difference) of victory points.
Blocked: (Adjective) If a suit is divided between partners in such a way that the hand with the shorter holding has only high cards, the suit cannot be run without an entry to the longer holding in another suit; it is then said to be blocked. If North holds ♦AK and South holds ♦QJ10, South cannot cash a third diamond trick without an entry in another suit. The diamonds are blocked until North is able to unblock by playing the ace and king.
Board

One particular allocation of 52 cards to the four players including the bidding, the play of the cards and the scoring based on those cards. Also called deal or hand.
A device that keeps each player's cards separate for duplicate bridge.
The dummy's hand. For example, 'You're on the board' means 'The lead is in the dummy'.

Board-a-match (BAM): A form of scoring for teams, analogous to matchpoint scoring for pairs. A team earns 1 point if its pairs score higher than the opposing pairs (with the same cards at the other table), 1/2 for equal scores, and 0 for lower scores. Board-a-match scoring is now less common than IMP scoring, or IMPs victory points in a Swiss teams tournament.
Body: Intermediate cards such as the 9, 8 and 7, that contribute to a suit's trick-taking potential.
Bonus: In bridge scoring, beyond points for bid tricks taken, which are awarded for making a contract, the additional points awarded for making a doubled contract, or for making doubled or redoubled overtricks. There are different bonus amounts at the partscore, game, small slam, and grand slam levels. The size of most bonuses depends on the vulnerability. Bonus amounts are different in rubber bridge and duplicate bridge. See Bridge scoring.
Book

(Noun) The basic six tricks that must be taken by the declaring side. The first six 'book' tricks are always assumed and are not taken into account in bidding or scoring. Thus, a contract at the 1-level commits declarer to take at least 7 (that is, 6 + 1) tricks, and provides trick points only for the trick above book. The term apparently originated from the whist practice of arranging the first six tricks into a stack called a 'book.'
(Noun) The number of tricks that the defensive side must take so as to hold declarer to his contract. If the contract is 4♠, defenders' book is 3.
(Verb, usually passive) Slang. As declarer, to have lost the maximum number of tricks without being set. At 4♠, declarer is 'booked' when he has lost three tricks.

Bottom: At matchpoint scoring, a result no better than any other by a pair playing the same cards, resulting in an award of minimum matchpoints; either jointly (a shared bottom), or alone (a cold bottom, or zero).
Boxed: (British slang) Adjective applied to a card found to be face-up during dealing, and by extension to the whole pack. Also used for a card found to be face-up in a hand extracted from a duplicate board, or for the hand itself.
Bracket: A group of entries in a tournament that will eventually have one winner. The grouping is often done on the basis of masterpoints.
Break

(Noun) The distribution of cards in a suit between the two opponents' (often unseen) hands: 'I got a 4-1 spade break.' An even break occurs when the cards are distributed evenly or nearly so, such as 3-3 or 3-2. A bad break, connoting a distribution that is difficult to handle, suggests an unexpectedly uneven distribution, such as 5-1 or 6-0. See distribution.
(Verb) To be divided between two hands. 'The spades broke 3-2.'
(Verb) To lead a particular suit for the first time during a particular deal.
(Verb) Slang. To play for and find a particular distribution, usually the most favorable. 'I broke the spades.'

Bridge maxims: A compilation of short 'laws', 'rules' and rules-of-thumb advice; often, not always, valid.
The Bridge World (TBW): A monthly magazine based in New York City, The Bridge World is the oldest continuously published periodical concerning contract bridge, and the game's most prestigious technical journal.
Broken sequence: A sequence of honor cards, one or more of which is missing, for example AQJ.
Bullet: (Slang) An ace.
Bump

(Slang) A single raise of partner. Used as a noun or a verb.
In duplicate bridge, an adaptation of the Mitchell movement to accommodate a half table. The extra pair moves around the room, substituting themselves in for a particular other pair, bumping out the pair for one round.^[4]

Business double: A penalty double, in contrast to various competitive and informatory doubles including takeout doubles and negative doubles.
Bust: (Slang) A very weak hand. Sometimes paired with the name of a long suit: for example, 'club bust' to denote a hand with long clubs and very little high card strength. See also Yarborough.
Busy

A card that is needed for some purpose is said to be busy. For example, cards that a defender is trying to preserve while declarer executes a squeeze are 'busy'. Contrast Idle.
A busy defense is an alternative term for an active defense.

Butler, or Butler scoring: A method of scoring in duplicate bridgepairs events. Each pair's result on a board is compared against a 'datum' score which is the arithmetic mean of all the results (usually after exclusion of one or more of the top and bottom results), and the difference converted to IMPs. Sometimes, the median is used instead of the mean.
Bye

A round of an event during which a team or pair is not scheduled to play.
A location ('bye-stand') such as a chair or table, where boards are kept when not in use during an event. Typically used in a Mitchell movement with an even number of pairs when there is a 'share and relay'.

C[edit]

Caddy: An assistant to the director, or Head Director, primarily responsible for moving boards between tables and collecting score slips.
Calcutta

Cross-IMP scoring.
A tournament in which bettors bid on participating pairs or teams. The proceeds from the auction are distributed partly as prizes to the top finishers, partly to the bettors who successfully bid on them. A pair or team can typically buy an interest in itself.

Call: Any bid, pass, double, or redouble in the bidding stage.
Canapé: An approach to bidding in which a player bids his shorter suit prior to his longer suit. A feature of the Blue Team Club and the Roman Club.

Captain

In a teams competition, one person called the captain must represent a team in stipulated official settings and make stipulated official decisions for a team. A playing captain (pc) is eligible to participate as a player at the table; a non-playing captain (npc) may not play. Many team competitions including WBF world championships limit teams to six players, thus to seven members depending on the kind of captain. Other team officials such as a coach are not team members and are not covered in the rules of bridge.^{[clarification needed]}
The partner who makes the decision for a partnership in certain bidding situations, such as ace-asking sequences.

Card reading: The act of determining the distribution of cards in unseen hands, and the location of high cards therein, by analyzing the bidding, play and other clues.
Carding: The defensive signaling used by a partnership.
Carryover, or carry-over: In a complex event, some participants begin a later stage with scores that depend on performance in an earlier stage. Simple accumulation of scores from stage to stage is full carryover but the term is commonly used only when carryover is less than full.; Some team events have a later knockout stage with carryover equal to some fraction of any margin of victory from an early-stage match between the same teams.; Many tournaments for teams, pairs, or individuals have stages that progressively reduce the field, such as by cutting the bottom half at the end of each day. Sometimes the qualifiers continue with a fraction of their qualifying margins as carryover, which effectively gives weight less than one to points scored in the earlier, larger, lower-quality field. Sometimes there is no carryover; comfortable and borderline qualification are equivalent in the next stage.
Cash: To take a trick with a card that is currently the highest in the suit, thought likely to succeed, or to take all available winners in a suit.
Cavendish variation: A version of Chicago, with dealer's side not vulnerable on the second and third hands, as in the standard version.
CBF: Canadian Bridge Federation.
Change of suit: A bid in a new suit, as 1♠ in the sequence 1♦ - 1♥; 1♠.
Checkback Stayman: A common conventional agreement following a 1NT rebid, searching for an unbid major suit or a preference to responder's major.
Chicago: A variant of rubber bridge in which a rubber consists of four deals with vulnerability predetermined for each deal.
Chicane: A hand without any trumps.
CHO: (Slang) Centre-hand opponent, a derogatory or facetious term for one's partner, or partners generally. Compare LHO and RHO, left- and right-hand opponents.
Chuck: (Slang) An error in bidding or play, which was or might have been costly. Also used as a verb.
Chunky: A suit with enough honor strength to play well unaided by partner's cards (but not solid) is chunky. Normally said of four-card suits. AQJ10 is a chunky suit; AQ96 is not chunky.
Claim: A statement by declarer about how the remaining unplayed tricks will be won or lost. Normally the claiming player exposes his hand and describes the sequence of play for the remaining tricks (but such plays as finesses, unless already proven, are disallowed). A claim is best made only when the play of the rest of the hand is obvious. Claims are often inadvisable: apart from the possibility of a mistaken analysis, it can take longer to explain the line of play than to play it. See also Concession.
Clear a suit: Knock out an opponent's high-card control of a suit, or unblock one's own high cards.
Closed hand: Declarer's hand (as distinct from the dummy, which is faced or open).
Closed room: In a team match, a room where two of the pairs compete, and in which spectators are not allowed.
Coffeehousing: Making improper remarks to mislead the opponents, or asking improper questions designed to suggest a defensive play.
Cold: A contract that a player cannot fail to make, even against the best defense, is cold.
Colors first: A bidding approach where players indicate suits (denominations) before showing high card strength. For example, natural suit overcalls and natural one-level suit opening bids are usually 'colors first.' Natural notrump opening bids and natural notrump overcalls usually show strength rather than suits. A Michaels cue bid is usually 'colors first,' but a takeout double is usually more 'values first.'
Combination

Suit combination.
A combination finesse is one of several tactics in play of the cards that includes multiple finesses in one suit or combines another technique with a finesse.

Combination play: A line of play that offers more than one chance to take additional tricks: for example, playing to drop an honor in a longer suit and then finessing for an honor in a shorter suit.
Come-on: A defensive signal that encourages partner to continue a suit, usually by means of the rank of the card used to follow suit.
Comic notrump: A notrump overcall that shows a weak hand with a long suit, to which the overcaller can escape if doubled. Also known as Gardener 1NT.
Communication

The placement of the lead in one or the other of the two partnership hands, so as to make a subsequent lead from the more advantageous hand, specifically the ability to place the lead in such hand.
The means of conveying a message to partner via the bidding and by the card played to a trick. The only legal means of communication is through the calls and plays themselves, rather than through mannerisms such as tone of voice and hesitations. Often generalized as communications in both senses.

Comparative scoring: The method of scoring used in matchpoint or Board-a-Match events. The metric used is not the number of points earned on a particular deal, as it is when using quantitative scoring, but the number of pairs that have been out-scored.
Competitive auction: A bidding sequence which involves both partnerships. Also, competitive bidding.
Concession: A statement by a player as to the number of remaining tricks that he must lose. See also Claim.
Condone: To act after an opponent's irregularity without arranging for the penalty specified in the Laws to be applied.
Congratulatory jack: The unnecessary play (by follow-suit or by discard) of a jack following partner's exceptionally successful action. More often used by the defense, but possible as a play from dummy.
Congress: (Mainly British) A nationally or locally organised duplicate bridge competition held at a single location and usually involving both pairs and teams events, typically lasting one or two days but sometimes as many as ten. The more usual North American term is tournament.
Constructive

Bidding that is aimed at reaching a side's optimum contract, as distinct from calls intended to interfere with the opponents' bidding.
Constructive raise: by partnership agreement, a single raise of a major suit opening that shows more strength than usual.

Contract

The statement of the pair who has won the bidding, that they will take at least the stated number of tricks. The contract consists of two components: the level, stating the number of tricks to be taken (in addition to the book tricks), and the denomination, denoting the trump suit (or its absence in a notrump bid). The last bid in the bidding phase denotes the final contract.
Short for contract bridge in contrast to auction bridge (auction) and other card games in the family.

Control

A feature of a hand which prevents the defenders from taking sufficient immediate tricks in a specific suit so as to set the contract or make the setting of the contract unavoidable. Aces are termed 'first-round' controls and kings are termed 'second-round' controls. In trumpcontracts, voids are also considered first-round controls and singletons second-round controls. See also Stopper.
(Said of trump contracts) Declarer's ability to manage the trump suit successfully. To lose control usually means being forced to shorten one's trumps so much that the opponents can subsequently control the play of the hand. See Forcing defense.

Control-bid: A bid that shows control of a particular suit. Often a cue bid, but not all cue bids are control-bids.
Convenient club: See Short club.
Convention

An agreement between partners on an artificial meaning of a call or sequence of calls, which is not necessarily related to the length and strength of bid suits or of willingness to play in notrump. Many bidding conventions are artificial; see, for example, Slam-seeking conventions.
An agreement that a particular defensive play has a special meaning. Compare with Treatment.

Convention card: A form filled out by a partnership and available to their opponents, that shows the bidding and play conventions they are using. Normally used during tournaments, their format may be prescribed by the governing bridge organization.
Convert

To change the effect of a call. For example, passing partner's overcall of 2♦ when playing Michaels cue bids converts the overcall from a request to bid a major suit to a contract of 2♦. There are many other applications: for example, to pass partner's takeout double is to convert it to a penalty double.
In rubber bridge and Chicago, a part score is converted into game when a further score brings the total below the line to 100 or more points.

Correct: In the bidding, to choose (usually) partner's first bid suit; in that case, a correction is equivalent to a preference.
COS: Acronym or initialism for Choice of Slams. An artificial or natural bid made to ask partner to select a strain from several choices where the slam might be played.
Count

History Of Contract Bridge

(Noun) The number of cards held in a suit or suits, usually said of an opponent's hand.
(Verb) To determine, by inference or by follow-suit, the number of cards held in a suit by an opponent.
(Noun) In squeeze play, the number of tricks that declarer must lose before the squeeze can function. See rectify the count.

Count signal: A defensive card play that shows whether the player has an even or odd number of cards in a suit.
Coup

Any extremely skillful play.
Any of several specific play techniques, such as the Scissors coup, Trump coup, Devil's coup or Vienna coup.

Coup en passant: The lead of a side suit in which both second and third hands are void, second hand holding a high trump, in such a way that third hand cannot be prevented from taking a trick with a low trump. It is a form of elopement.
Coup without a name: See Scissors coup. 'Coup without a name' is an earlier term for the coup, conferred by Ely Culbertson.
Cover card: A card (honor or extra trump) which is known to compensate one of partner's losers; for example, a king in trumps covers partner's trump loser.
Crack: (Slang, verb). To make a penalty double. Also, 'cracked', a doubled contract, regardless of the result; as in e.g. 'The contract was 2♠ cracked'.
Crash

(Usually written CRASH or CRaSh) Acronym for Color, RAnk and SHape; a convention showing a 2-suited hand, as an overcall at first opportunity after an opponent's strong artificial 1♣, 1♦, 2♣ or 2♦ opening. The two suits share the same color (red or black), rank (majors, or minors) or shape (rounded or pointed). The type of pairing is shown by the number of steps above RHO's bid which are taken up by the overcall.
(Uncapitalised) The play of two winners by a pair on a single trick: for example, the ace and king of trumps. This usually involves a declarer's use of a deceptive play to cause a defender to follow suit with one high card (for example, the king from Kx when the other defender holds the singleton ace).

Crocodile coup: On defense, second hand's play of a higher card than apparently necessary, so as to obtain the lead. The play is intended to prevent fourth hand from being forced into the lead to make a return favorable to declarer. The name suggests a crocodile opening its maw to swallow up partner's winning card.
Cross: To enter the opposite hand. Normally used of dummy or declarer's hand: 'He crossed to dummy in diamonds.'
Crossruff: A playing technique in trump contracts, where extra tricks are gained by ruffing in both hands alternately.
Cross-IMP scoring: A form of IMP scoring in pairs tournaments, where each pair's score is determined as an (averaged) sum of differences to all other scores (rather than to a single datum score). Also known as X-Imps or Calcutta.
Cuebid, cue bid, or cue-bid

A bid of the opponents' suit in a competitive auction. Usually a conventional, forcing bid that shows strength or an unusual hand, or a particular distribution.
A bid that shows a control in a suit (usually with an ace or king, sometimes with a void), but does not indicate length or strength in the suit otherwise. See control bid. Partnership agreements indicate when in an uncontested auction a bid is considered a cuebid. Usually used in exploring for a slam contract (see Bridge conventions (slam seeking)), or for showing stoppers needed for a notrump game.

Culbertson four-five notrump: A slam-seeking convention devised by Ely Culbertson, in which a player bids 4NT or 5NT to show possession of defined numbers of keycards (aces, and kings in bid suits), and to which that player's partner responds in generally natural fashion. Since the 1950s, it has been almost entirely superseded by variants of the Blackwood convention.
Culbertson system: The earliest dominant bidding system, developed by Ely and Josephine Culbertson. Its principal features were an approach–forcing bidding style, four-card majors, strong two-bids and the use of an honor trick table to evaluate hand strength.
The curse of Scotland: The ♦9. The origin of the term is uncertain.
Cut in and cut out: In rubber bridge, it is customary on completion of a rubber to invite other players in the cardroom to play in the next one, often by a cry of 'Table up'. The players in the completed rubber draw cards to determine who will withdraw; the one or more who draw the lowest card or cards are said to cut out, and their replacements to cut in.
Cutthroat bridge: A form of three-handed bridge.

D[edit]

DAB: An abbreviation of directional asking bid.
Danger hand

An opponent who, if he obtains the lead, can damage declarer's prospects.
When defending, either declarer's or dummy's hand which, if it gains the lead, can damage the defenders' prospects.

Datum: The mean or median of raw scores on a deal. The datum is used as a basis for calculating IMPs for the participating teams or pairs. The datum may be trimmed by removing extreme scores at either end of the distribution, a procedure whose effect on a mean or on a median depends on the degree of skewness in the raw scores.
Dead

A hand that has no card of entry, usually in reference to the dummy.
A hand that has a suit consisting only of low cards of no significance. For example, two dead spades.

Deal

One particular allocation of 52 cards to the four players including the bidding, the play of the cards and the scoring based on those cards. Also called board or hand.
(Verb) To allocate the 52 cards to the four players or hands, 13 each.

Dealer: The player who makes the first call in the auction. In some versions of the game, this player also deals the cards. In rubber bridge, the first dealer is usually decided by a cut for the highest card. In duplicate bridge, cards are dealt only at the start of the session and the deal is preserved during the session by the use of boards. The 'dealer' who will make the first call is identified by a mark on the physical board, commonly the word 'dealer'.
Deck: The 52 cards used in bridge.
Declaration: The contract in which a hand is played.
Declarative–Interrogative: D–I.
Declarer: Of the partnership that makes the final bid in the auction, declarer is the partner who first names the denomination or strain of the final bid, thus the strain of the contract. During the play, declarer sits across from the dummy and calls for cards from the dummy's hand, or 'plays the dummy.'
Declaring side: The side that wins the auction.
Deep finesse

A finesse against two or more cards.
The trade name of a commercially available computer program which performs double dummy hand analysis.

Defeat: (Said of the contract). To prevent declarer from taking the number of tricks called for by his contract. Also, set.
Defence: Declarer's opponents or their line of play.
Defenders: The pair that tries to defeat the contract.
Defensive bidding

A bid or sequence of bids designed to hinder the opponents' bidding, including sacrifices.
All bidding by the partnership which does not open, which necessarily begins with a double or overcall (intervention).

Delayed: Postponed, as the jump preference in the auction 1♥ - 1♠; 2♦ - 3♥. Many bids have a different meaning depending on whether or not they are made at the first opportunity.
Denomination (or strain): Component of a bid that denotes the proposed trump suit or notrump. Thus, there are five denominations – notrump, spades, hearts, diamonds and clubs. The Laws of Contract Bridge (American edition)^[5] and Laws of Duplicate Bridge use the term denomination exclusively but 'the modern term is strain' according to the sixth edition of The Official Encyclopedia of Bridge.^[6]
DEPO: Acronym for Double Even, Pass Odd. Conventional method for bidding over interference with Blackwood.
Deschapelles coup: On defense, the lead of an unsupported honor in order to create an entry to partner's hand.
Deuce: The lowest spot card, the 2. In signaling, it is the only unambiguous card.
Develop: To establish tricks in a suit, usually by forcing out the opponents' stoppers.
Devil's coup: In the endgame, the play of a side suit through a defender to create an overruff and a subsequent trump finesse.
D–I: (Abbreviation of Declarative-Interrogative.) 4NT as a general slam try that asks partner to show features. D–I is incorporated in several bidding systems, including Neapolitan, Blue Team Club and Kaplan–Sheinwold. Players distinguish the D–I and Blackwood uses of 4NT by context.
Direction: A player's position at the bridge table (North, East, South or West).
Direct position: Usually said of a bid that is made immediately following RHO's bid. Contrast Balance (verb), on balancing action in balancing position.
Directional asking bid

Often abbreviated as DAB. A cuebid of opponent's suit below 3NT, showing a partial stop in that suit and requesting partner to bid notrump with a holding such as Qx or Jxx. Common in the UK, less so elsewhere.

Director: Also tournament director (TD). The referee (in duplicate bridge). The director enforces the rules, assigns penalties for violations, and oversees the progress of the game. The director may also be responsible for the final scoring. In a large tournament there may be several directors reporting to a Head Director. In ACBL-sponsored events, a director's ruling as to bridge fact may be appealed; a ruling as to discipline, so as to maintain an orderly event, may not.
Discard

(Verb) To play a card that is neither of the suit led, nor trump, and that therefore cannot win the trick.
(Noun) The card so played.

Discouraging card

A carding signal that discourages partner from leading a particular suit. Contrast Come-on.

Discovery play

A play, either by declarer or by the defense, intended to obtain information about the location of other cards.

Distribution

(Suit distribution) Of one suit on a deal, the numbers of cards or lengths in the four hands. Sometimes the length of a suit in one or two hands is known or presumed and its 'distribution' covers only three or two hands, as 'opposing distribution' said of the other pair from the perspective of one pair or player.
(Hand distribution, also shape or pattern) Of one 13-card hand on a deal, the numbers of cards or lengths in the four suits. Sometimes the length of one or two suits is known or presumed and 'distribution' covers only three or two suits, as 'distribution in the minors' said of one hand whose major-suit distribution is known.

General. The degree to which four suits in one hand, one suit in four hands, or all of the hands and suits are dealt in long and short holdings. Long and short holdings constitute 'lots of distribution' and three-card holdings in particular constitute 'no distribution'.

Specific. Either way, four whole numbers that sum to 13 are commonly used to denote a distribution briefly, such as 4333 or 4-3-3-3 for a hand comprising one four-card suit and three three-card suits; or for a suit with one four-card holding and three three-card holdings in the four hands. Also 22 or 2-2 for the opposing distribution of spades when one pair holds nine of them; or for one hand's distribution in the minors when it holds nine in the Majors.

Fully specified. Conventionally neither 4333 nor 4-3-3-3 indicates which is the four-card suit in a hand while 4=3=3=3 means four spades, represented first, and three each in hearts, diamonds, and clubs. Thus 4=6=2=1 means 4 spades, 6 hearts, 2 diamonds, and 1 club.

Distribution points: A measure of one hand's strength due to the length or shortness of suits. See Hand evaluation.
DONT: Acronym for Disturb Opponents Notrump. A conventional defense to notrump opening bids.
DOPE: Acronym for Double Odd, Pass Even. A conventional method for bidding over interference with Blackwood.
DOPI: A proxi-acronym for Double, O (the letter O standing for zero or none), Pass and I (the capital i standing for the numeral 1 or one). A conventional method for bidding over interference with Blackwood. Pronounced 'dopey.'
Double

A call that increases penalties if the opponents fail to make their contract, but consequently also increases the bonuses if they make it. A player can double only a contract bid by the opposition. Referred to as penalty double.
A call having various alternative conventional meanings depending upon the bidding context. See Informatory double, Takeout double, Negative double, Lead-directing double, Responsive double and Support double.

Double dummy: (Adjective or adverb.) Said of a play or line of play that seems to be made with knowledge of all four hands, as if there were at least two dummies visible. Contrast Single dummy.; When said of the defenders jointly, 'double dummy defense' suggests that that pair knows all four hands and agrees on both goals and tactics such as falsecards, as if the cards were visible and they discussed those points.
Double dummy problem: A bridge problem presented for entertainment or teaching, in which the solver is presented with all four hands and is asked to determine the course of play that will achieve or defeat a particular contract.
Double-elimination tournament, or double elimination: Double knockout.
Double finesse: A finesse for two missing cards.
Double into game: To double a part score such that, if the contract is fulfilled, the total of the doubled trick scores will exceed 100 points.
Double knockout: A form of knockout competition in which teams are eliminated after losing two matches rather than after losing one. Commonly, teams with no losses face each other (undefeated teams) and teams with one loss face each other (one-loser teams), insofar as possible.
Double negative: An agreement regarding a second negative bid by a player who has already made one. Normally used regarding sequences that follow strong, forcing opening bids.
Double raise: A raise of two levels, such as 1♠ - 3♠.
Double squeeze: A squeeze in which each opponent must guard a different suit, and both opponents must guard a third suit.
Doubleton: A holding of exactly two cards in a suit.
Down

A contract that is defeated is said to be down.
(Followed by a number) The number of tricks by which a contract fails: for example, 'Down two.'

Down the line: To bid the higher of two adjacent suits before the lower. For example, of two five-card majors, the spade suit is normally bid before the heart suit. Contrast Up the line.
Draw: To extract, usually trumps. To remove the opponents' trump cards is to 'draw trumps.'
Drive out: To force a stopper from an opponent's hand, usually by repeatedly leading the suit.
Drop

(Verb) To fall under a higher card: 'The ♠Q dropped under the ♠K.'
(Noun) That occurrence itself: 'He played for the drop instead of finessing.'

Duck: A play technique in which a player does not immediately play a card that might take a trick, but plays a small card instead.
Dummy

The partner of the declarer. Dummy's cards are placed face up on the table and played by the declarer. Dummy has few rights and may not participate in choices concerning the play of the hand.
The dummy's hand as exposed on the table.

Dummy play: The play of the hand by declarer. The apparent contradiction is due to the fact that declarer plays both declarer's cards and the dummy's.
Dummy reversal: A playing technique in trumpcontracts that gains extra tricks by ruffing in the hand that began with the longer trumps so that that hand ends up with shorter trumps.
Dump: To lose a match deliberately, usually so as to assist another team or pair in the event. A subject of considerable controversy in the 1990s and beyond.
Duplicate bridge: A form of bridge where every deal is played at several tables, by several pairs, and their scores on each deal are subsequently compared. A minimum of two tables (four pairs) are required for a duplicate bridge event. Each entry might be a pair, or a team consisting of two or more pairs; the type of scoring varies accordingly. The hands of each deal are kept in metal or plastic containers called boards that are passed between tables.
Duplication of values: Possession of values in the same suit in both partners' hands so arranged that they do not pull their full weight. (1) High card values in one hand and a singleton or void in the other; e.g. ♠KJ9 facing a void is much less useful than ♠KJ9 facing ♠Q4. (2) High cards in short suits in both hands, e.g. ♠AJ facing ♠KQ.
Dustbin Notrump: A bidding response of 1NT to an opening bid that doesn't show a balanced hand but a weak hand (6-9 HCP), no support for partner and no higher ranking 4+ card suit to bid. So the hand could be unbalanced.

E[edit]

Eastern Scientific: A bidding style that developed in the Eastern United States, particularly the New York region. It is characterized by five-card majors with a forcing one notrump response and limit raises, strong notrump with Jacoby transfers, and strong (but not game forcing) two-over-one responses.
Eau de cologne: (Slang, chiefly British) A hand with 7-4-1-1 distribution, from the cologne brand 4711.
EBL: European Bridge League, the sport governing body for contract bridge in Europe, and the sponsoring organisation for many bridge competitions there.
EBU: English Bridge Union, the official organising body of bridge in England.
Echo: The play of first the higher, then the lower of two cards of the same suit on separate tricks to encourage or, by prior agreement, to discourage (see upside-down signals) partner's continuation of a suit; or to signal possession of (normally) an even number of cards in the suit at the time the higher card is played.
EHAA: Every Hand An Adventure, a bidding style that emphasizes very weak notrump opening bids (often 10-12 HCP), four-card majors, and undisciplined weak-two bids.
Eight ever, nine never: A bridge maxim that advises players when to finesse for a missing queen. With eight cards in the suit, always ('ever') finesse; but with nine cards, never finesse, rather play for the queen to drop under the play of the ace and king. Experienced players often ignore this advice in favor of considerations such as the danger hand, combination play, and the known or inferred distribution of other suits.
EKB: Exclusion Keycard Blackwood, a variant of Roman Keycard Blackwood. EKB uses a suit bid rather than a notrump bid to show a void in that suit and to exclude the named suit ace from the count of keycards.
Elimination: The removal, by playing a suit or suits, of safe exit cards from defenders' hands, normally in preparation for an endplay. The classic (but not the only) example is to leave an endplayed defender with the choice of conceding a ruff and discard or giving declarer a free finesse.
Elope, elopement: To win a trick by ruffing with a trump lower in rank than an opponent's trump. The coup en passant is an example of an elopement.
Encrypted: An agreement that the meaning of bids or card signals may change as more information about a deal becomes available. For example, when declarer shows out of a suit, the defenders can tell whether the rank of West's lowest remaining card in the suit is even or odd (and declarer probably does not have that information). The defenders might have agreed that if West's lowest remaining card is even, normal attitude signals will be in effect, but if it is odd, upside-down signals will be used. In such a case, the defenders' agreement is encrypted.
Ending: The layout of the cards when just a few tricks remain to be played. In a 'four-card ending', each player has four cards left. Such positions can be of special interest because squeezes and other endplays tend to occur near the end of the play.
Endplay: A play which forces a particular opponent to win a trick, so that that opponent must then make a favorable lead. That player is said to be 'endplayed'. Normally, the player who is endplayed is a defender. Although the word implies that the play occurs toward the end of a hand, it often occurs earlier, and in exceptional cases the opening leader can be said to be 'endplayed at trick one.'
Enter

To win a trick in the opposite hand, thereby giving it the right to lead to the next trick.
To make the first call for a partnership after the opponents have bid.
To join a bridge competition.

Entry

A card that allows a particular hand to win a trick that partner or an opponent has led to. Entries are vital to communication.
A seating assignment in a bridge competition. Entries designate the participants' initial table number, direction at that table, and (if applicable) section.

Entry-shifting squeeze: A squeeze in which the declarer decides whether to overtake the squeeze card or to let it hold the trick, depending on the play of the intervening opponent.
Entry squeeze: A squeeze that puts pressure on a holding that interferes with declarer's entries.
Equal level conversion (ELC): An agreement concerning rebids after take-out doubles. Traditionally, the bid of a new suit by the player who has made a take-out double is considered forcing. Under the equal level conversion agreement, the bid of a new suit by the doubler is not forcing if it is at the same level as advancer's bid. So, equal level conversion means that in the sequence 1♠ - (Dbl) - P - (2♦); P - (2♥), 2♥ is considered non-forcing.
Equals: Cards in one hand that are adjacent in rank and thus have equal trick-taking power.
Escape suit: A long suit to which a bidder can escape if necessary or desirable. The bidder of a comic notrump might run to his long suit if doubled.
Establish: To make winners of the remaining cards in a suit by playing or forcing out higher cards.
Even

A split with the same number of cards in each hand. A 2-2 split is an even split.
Of the number of cards in a suit found in a hand: two cards, four cards, and so on.

Event: A duplicate bridge contest.
Exclusion bid: A bid, such as 2♦ in the Roman Club system, that shows length in all suits except the one named.
Exclusion Blackwood: An agreement that responder to a Blackwood bid will show the number of aces held outside a particular suit.
Exit card: A card that is used to put a different hand on lead, normally to avoid making a self-destructive lead in another suit.
Expert: Someone who plays bridge better than others in their usual level of play.
Exposed card: A card whose suit and rank become known through an irregularity. An exposed card may be subject to penalty.
Extra values: Values (in the form of High card points, shortage or cover cards), which are in addition to the values that a player has promised so far in the bidding.

F[edit]

F1: Forcing one round. See One round force.
Face

(Noun) The front of a card; the side that displays its suit and rank.
(Verb) To turn a card so that its face is visible to other players.

Face card: A king, queen, or jack. Contrast Honor.
Factoring: The adjustment of matchpoint scores to correct for dissimilar conditions. For example, a game played with a Mitchell movement might have an extra N–S pair, causing a bye round for N–S. The top is therefore lower for N–S pairs than for E–W pairs, and the N-S scores are multiplied by a fraction (or 'factor') to make them commensurate with the E–W scores.
Fall: To be captured by a higher card. See drop.
False preference: A return to partner's first-bid suit despite a longer holding in the second suit. Usually intended to give partner an opportunity for another bid.
False sacrifice: Phantom sacrifice.
Falsecard: A card played with the intention of deceiving an opponent as to one's true holding. Also, the act of making such a play.
Fast arrival: A style of bidding under which the fewer bids used to reach a contract (usually said of game contracts), the weaker the bidder's hand. Fast arrival holds that 1♠ - 2♦; 2♠ - 4♠ is weaker than 1♠ - 2♦; 2♠ - 3♣; 3NT - 4♠. Contrast Slow arrival.
Fast rubber: A rubber completed in two games. See slow rubber.
Feature: An honor or shortness in a suit. Conventional bids such as splinter bids or D-I are intended to show or elicit features.
Fert: (Slang) Short for 'fertilizer', a very weak opening bid. A systemic treatment in strong pass systems.
FG: an abbreviation for forcing to game; see Game force
Field: All the players in a bridge event, as in 'with the field' to refer to an action that most players will take, and 'against the field' for an unusual action.
Field a psych: Deciding correctly that partner has psyched in the absence of a call that reveals the psych. Sometimes used when that decision is made on the basis of unauthorized information or an undisclosed partnership understanding.
Fillers: Mid-rank cards that strengthen a suit. See body.
Final contract: The last bid made on a hand.
Finesse: An attempt to gain power for lower-ranking cards by taking advantage of the favorable position of higher-ranking cards held by the opposition.
Fit

A partnership's combined holding of many cards in a suit (usually 8 cards or more in the two combined hands) that might be used as trumps.
Two hands that are productive together (i.e., that have at least one fitting suit and few wasted values). Compare with Misfit.

See also Moysian fit and Golden fit.
Fit bid: A bid in a suit that shows length and strength in the bid suit plus a fit for partner's suit. Jump shifts in competition are often defined as fit-bids. See also Fragment bid and Mixed (definition 2).
Five-card majors: An agreement that an opening bid in spades or hearts promises at least five cards in the suit. The alternative agreement is four-card majors.
Fix

(Noun) An undeservedly poor result, usually caused by an opponent's error or eccentric play that happens to turn out well.
(Verb) To be the victim of a fix: 'We were fixed on Board 8.'

Flag-flying: An obsolete term for making a preemptive bid.
Flannery: A conventional opening bid of two diamonds (some prefer two hearts instead) to show 11-15 HCP with 5 hearts and 4 spades.
Flat

Flat hand: A hand that lacks distributional features such as a singleton, a void, or a very long suit. Often, 4-3-3-3 distribution.
Flat board: A deal in duplicate bridge that results in scores across the field that are identical, or nearly so.

Float

To be followed by two or three passes. For example, West's spade bid 'floated around' to South in 1♠ - (P) - P.
To fail to cover the card led, usually by two consecutive hands. 'South floated the ♠Q to East.'

Flower movement: An adaptation of the Howell movement in which the players, rather than the boards, progress regularly from table to table. Also known as 'Endless Howell'.
Follow suit, sometimes simply 'follow': To play a card of the same suit as the one that was first led to the trick. Failure to follow suit when one can do so constitutes a revoke.
Force to: To bid with the intention of causing the bidding to proceed to a particular level. For example: 'In this auction, 2♣ forced to game', or 'My reverse forced to the three-level.'
Forcing bid: A bid that, by partnership understanding, requires the bidder's partner to make another bid. A forcing bid is not necessarily a strong bid. It is legal to pass partner's forcing bid, and players occasionally do so if they believe it advantageous on a given hand, but it is damaging to partnership confidence.; See also Game force, Grand slam force and One round force.
Forcing defense: The lead and subsequent continuation of a suit that the defenders believe declarer will have to ruff in the long trump hand. The strategy is to shorten declarer's trump holding so as to leave the defenders in control of the hand. See Tap.
Forcing notrump: An agreement that a 1NT response to a 1♥ or 1♠ opening is a forcing bid.
Forcing pass

A pass in a competitive auction that requires partner either to make another bid or to double or redouble the opponents' current call. Experienced partnerships often have agreements about the meaning of bidding immediately in contrast to making a forcing pass and then bidding over partner's double (pass and pull).
An initial pass when playing a strong pass system.

Forcing take-out: Obsolete name for a strong jump shift by responder.
Fork: A tenace.
Fouled board: A board whose cards are not distributed as they were when first played, due to returning the cards to their slots erroneously.
Four-card majors: An agreement that an opening bid of 1♥ or 1♠ promises at least four cards in the suit bid. The usual alternative is five-card majors. The four-card major agreement was standard during the first four decades of contract bridge, but has since given way to five-card majors in most 'standard' systems such as 2/1 game forcing and Standard American. It is used in Acol, the Blue Team Club and EHAA.
Four-deal bridge: See Chicago.
Fourth

A player needed to complete a table, usually said of rubber bridge.
Of four-card suit length: for example, Q987 is referred to as 'queen fourth' or 'queen-fourth'.

Fourth hand: The fourth player with an opportunity to bid, or to play to a trick.
Fourth suit forcing (FSF, or 4SF)

The initial use of a bid of the fourth suit as forcing to some level.
An agreement that the partnership's bid of the fourth suit, in addition to its forcing nature, is possibly artificial.

Fragment: A holding of three or even two cards in a suit, thus not long enough to suggest as a trump suit. A partnership may treat the bid of a fragment as a means of implying shortness in another suit (see fragment bid). A fragment may also be bid after the single raise of a major as a help suit game try.
Fragment bid: A second-round jump bid (usually a double jump) that by agreement shows a fit with partner's last-bid suit and shortness in another suit. Under this agreement, in 1♣ - 1♥; 3♠ the bid of 3♠ is a fragment bid, showing a fit for hearts and a singleton or void in diamonds. The suit of the fragment bid is often three cards long. Compare with Splinter bid.
Freak, or freak hand: A hand with a very long suit or suits. Most would regard a hand with two six card suits as a freak.
Free bid: A bid that is made when a pass would still allow partner to make a bid. Normally used of a bid that is made after partner has opened the bidding and RHO has overcalled. Compare with Negative free bid.
Free finesse: A position in which a player leads up to an opponent's tenace, solving that opponent's possible guess. The term is normally used when the player is forced to make that lead.

♥ Q 8
♥ J 5	W N↑ S↓ E	♥ K 3
♥ A 10

Frozen: A frozen suit is one that neither side can play without damage to its own holding in the suit. Declarer can sometimes duck the defense's lead to freeze the suit. See example at right.

G[edit]

Gambling 3NT: An opening bid of 3NT. The bidder hopes to make the contract by means of a long minor suit rather than by a preponderance of high cards.
Game

A contract, bid and made, worth 100 points or more. The undoubled game contracts are 3NT (40 for the first trick + 30 each for the second and third); 4♥ and 4♠ in the majors (4 tricks × 30 points per trick); 5♣ and 5♦ in the minors (5 tricks × 20 points per trick). Game can also be made via a doubled or redoubled contract: e.g., 2♠ doubled is worth 2 × (2 tricks × 30 points per trick) = 120 points. The pair bidding and making the game is awarded a bonus. See bridge scoring.
In rubber bridge and Chicago, a score of 100 or more points below the line, achieved either by making a game contract or by converting a part score.

Game force (GF or FG): A bid that asks partner not to pass before the partnership's bidding has reached game (or the opponents have been doubled at a level high enough to compensate). Some treatments relax the requirement: for example, the agreement that in the sequence 1M - 2m, the 2m response is a game force unless the suit is rebid. So, in 1♠ - 2♦; 2♥ - 3♦, 3♦ would cancel the game-forcing message of the 2♦ bid.; See also Forcing bid, Grand slam force and One round force.
Game try: A bid that invites partner to bid game in a particular suit, made when a fit in that suit is known more than one level below game. Routinely the occasion a single raise from one to two of a major, as both 1S - 2S and 1C - 1S - 2S (opponents silent). In those two auctions all five bids from 2N to 3S are potentially game tries. What does it mean to bid one side suit rather than another? A short suit game try shows singleton or void in the suit bid, which implies significant duplication of values if partner holds the K or Q (the A or J, less so, and three small shows there is no duplication). A help suit game try shows at least three cards, generally with at least two losers. In 1984, the Encyclopedia referred to the entry 'weak suit game try' and gave three small cards for example. It also referred 'game try' to the entry 'trial bid' with example holdings xxx, Axx, KTxx, and Jxxx in the side suit; shortness is a good holding and so is a good suit. Such a suit is likely to be a good one for the defenders to attack. A long suit game try shows a suit of at least four cards, so that a double fit is not unlikely; if a major suit, that is a potential alternative trump suit. Anyway, it shows that a cover card is useful regardless of length, and other cards are likely to help.
Golden fit: A combined partnership holding of at least eight cards in a suit. In the UK, simply known as a fit.; See also Moysian fit
Good: Said of a card or cards that have been established.
Goren system, or Goren: A bidding system dominant in the United States from the 1940s through the 1960s, based on the Culbertson system. The principal difference between the two systems was in hand evaluation: Culbertson used honor tricks to assess a hand's strength whereas Goren used high card points and distribution points.
Goulash: A style of dealing, usually in rubber and Chicago games, where the cards are not thoroughly shuffled between deals and are dealt in groups. It results in 'wild' card distributions.
Grand coup: A trump coup in which the cards ruffed in the long trump hand are already winners.
Grand slam: See slam.
Green: (Slang, mainly British) Non-vulnerable. From the colour of the paint on a duplicate board. Also: 'green all' and 'both green', neither side vulnerable; and 'at green' or 'green against red', non-vulnerable against vulnerable.
Grand slam force (GSF): A method of determining whether the partnership holds the top trump honors when the bid of a grand slam is a possibility. In its original form, the GSF was initiated with a bid of 5NT, asking partner to bid a grand slam with two of the top three honors in the trump suit. Depending on the prior bidding, other bids are often used in place of 5NT, and there is a variety of schemes for responding to the GSF. See Josephine.; See also Forcing bid, Game force and One round force.
Grosvenor gambit: A play that creates no direct advantage and might lose. Its principal features are that an opponent will not suspect that such an inept play has been made, and that once the opponent realizes what has occurred, he will be frustrated and angry (and therefore less effective) during subsequent hands. The ploy was first described in a satiric story by Frederick B. Turner in the June 1973 issue of The Bridge World.
Guard: A holding that prevents an opponent from taking a trick or tricks. See stopper, guard squeeze.

H[edit]

Hand

The 13 cards held by one player on a deal.
A deal or board.
Ordinally, a player counting in rotation from dealer or first hand. For example, 'Third hand bid 1♠.'

Hand pattern: See distribution.
Hand record: A document that lists the cards in each hand of every board played in a duplicate bridge session. Often, hand records also list contracts each partnership can make with double dummy declarer play and double dummy defense.
Help suit game try: The bid of a side suit after a single raise, used to help partner evaluate game prospects when opener's hand is roughly a trick stronger than a minimum opening. For example, after 1♥ - 2♥, opener might rebid 3♣ with a side club suit or a strong club fragment. The bid tells partner where high cards will be most helpful, and requests partner to take positive action, such a direct jump to game, with strength in that suit. Otherwise, the bid requests partner to sign off (in this example, by bidding 3♥). See short-suit game try and game try.
Herbert negative: Use of the cheapest bid (sometimes only the cheapest suit bid) as an artificialnegative response to (for example) forcing 2-bids, strong artificial 2♣, or takeout doubles. It was advocated by Walter Herbert.
Hesitation: A brief pause before a bid or play, considered somewhat shorter than a Huddle.
High–low signal: See Echo.
High card

An honor card.
The highest-ranking card in a suit at any point during the play.

High card points (HCP): A measure or estimate of the strength of cards in the play of a deal. Routinely the high card points of all 13 cards in one player's hand are counted in sum, as a measure of playing strength of the entire hand, or one component of such a measure. Every honor card is assigned a numeric value. See Hand evaluation.
Hold

To keep declarer to a particular number of tricks, usually the number required to make the contract.
To have in one's hand a particular card or set of cards.
(Of a card) To win a trick although a higher card is outstanding.

Hold up

(Verb) To defer taking a winning card until an advantageous point in the hand, usually in reference to tricks that the opponents have led to. There are various purposes for holding up a winner, but it is frequently done to force the opponents to use their entries too soon.
(Noun) The act of holding up a winner.

Holding

The cards in a player's hand at a particular point in the play (often, at the start of the play).
The cards in a specific suit in a player's hand.

Honor/honour, or honor/honour card: An ace, king, queen, jack or ten.
Honors/honours, or honor/honour bonus: At rubber bridge and Chicago, a scoring bonus. The bonus is 100 points for one hand holding four of the five trump suit honors. The bonus is 150 points for all five trump suit honors, or all four aces in a notrump contract.
Honor/honour tricks, or quick tricks^{[contradictory]}: A method of hand evaluation used in the Culbertson system, which assigns point values to honors and combinations of honors. AK is two honor tricks, AQ is 11/2 honor tricks, A or KQ is 1 honor trick, and Kx is 1/2 honor trick.
Hook: (Slang) Finesse (noun or verb).
House player: An employee of a bridge club who is available as a fourth.
Howell movement: A pairs tournament movement where each pair typically plays against all or most of the other pairs, and there is a single set of winners. Most of the pairs will move to a different position at the end of each round.
Huddle

(Noun) A pause prior to a bid or play of longer than usual duration.
(Verb) To take that lengthy pause.

HUM: Acronym or initialism for Highly Unusual Methods.

I[edit]

Idle: (Said of a card) Available as a discard; not required for purposes such as guarding the opponents' suit or interfering with their communications.
IMP: Acronym for International Match Point.
Impropriety: A breach of ethical conduct or etiquette; an action that violates the proprieties.
IMPs: The form of duplicate bridge that uses International Match Points (IMPs) as a scoring method, as distinct from a game scored at matchpoints (MPs).
In back of

♠Q54
Irrelevant	W N↑ S↓ E	♠K76
♠A98

A card or holding that is to the left of, or behind, or over another. To say that the ♠A is in back of the ♠K is to say that the ace is to the left of the king, or behind it, or over it; so, the ♠A is in a position to directly capture the ♠K.
Individual: A form of duplicate bridge, scored at matchpoints, in which each player is paired with a different partner on each round.
Informatory double: A double that is intended to convey information rather than to exact a penalty from the opponents. Such doubles include the takeout double, the negative double, the support double, the responsive double and the lead-directing double, although the latter is intended to convey information and to penalize.
Infraction: A player’s breach of the Laws of Bridge or of a lawful regulation made under them.
In front of

♠Q54
♠K76	W N↑ S↓ E	Irrelevant
♠A98

A card or holding that is to the right of or under another. To say that the ♠A is in front of the ♠K is to say that the ace is to the right of the king, or under it, and normally cannot capture the ♠K if it is guarded.
Insufficient bid: A bid that is not higher than the immediately preceding bid, and is therefore illegal.
Insult: (Slang) The bonus for making a doubled or redoubled contract is sometimes referred to as the 'insult' or as being 'for the insult'.
Insurance bid: A bid, usually a sacrifice bid, intended to keep the opponents from playing their presumed or inferred optimum contract. The bidder hopes that insurance premium – the penalty due to the sacrifice bid – will be less than the damage from allowing the opponents to make their contract.
Interference: A call, such as an overcall or an initial preempt, that is intended to make it more difficult for the opponents to bid to their best contract.
Intermediate: 1) Nines, eights and sevens are sometimes termed 'intermediate cards.' See body.; 2) A jump overcall that by agreement may be made with a hand of opening bid strength and a long suit is termed an 'intermediate jump overcall.'; 3) An opening two-bid that by agreement may be made with values just short of those required for a game-forcing opening bid is termed an 'intermediate two-bid.'
International Match Point (IMP): 1) (Noun) A method of scoring in a teams match that compares a result on a board to that obtained at the other table and that converts the difference to IMPs using a table defined by WBF. The IMP scale's effect is to reduce the weighting of very large differences, thus making it less likely that the outcome of an entire match will depend on one board only.; 2) (Verb) To perform the IMP score conversion.
Intervenor: The first player on the other side to make a call other than pass when one side has opened the bidding.
Intra-finesse: A technique that involves successive finesses against both opponents.
Inverted minors: An agreement that treats the single raise of a minor suit as strong, and a double raise as preemptive.
Invitation: A bid which invites the partner to bid on to game or slam if he has extra values. It is a non-forcing bid by definition. Compare semi-forcing bid.
IPBM: International Popular Bridge Monthly, a British bridge magazine.
Iron Duke, Not through the: A hackneyed phrase that describes the play of a high card by a player whose high card holding is led through; or, that player's statement.
Irregularity: A breach of procedure, as described in the Laws and Proprieties, in bidding or play. If one is available, a director should be called to the table to make a ruling.
Isolate: (Said of a menace card) To isolate a menace in squeeze play is to arrange that only one opponent can guard one of declarer's threat suits. The play is conceptually similar to transferring a control.

J[edit]

Jacoby transfer, or Jacoby, or 'transfers': A bidding convention initiated by responder following partner's notrump opening bid that requests opener rebid in the suit ranked just above that bid by responder, i.e. a response in diamonds requests a rebid in hearts and a response in hearts requests a rebid in spades; other responses may carry other meanings; designed to make the stronger hand declarer.
Jacoby 2NT: By agreement, a forcing raise of a major suit opening bid, used in conjunction with limit jump raises. Opener is requested to rebid in a suit where he holds a singleton so that responder can better evaluate the fit.
Jam the bidding: (Slang) To preempt.
Jettison: The discard of an honor, often by a defender, and usually to unblock a suit.
Josephine: Grand slam force, an alternative term popular in Europe. The convention was developed by Ely Culbertson, and popularized in a late 1930s article by Josephine Culbertson in The Bridge World
Journalist leads: Opening lead convention, mainly against notrump contracts, designed to show both what the leader has, and to request specific partner actions in return.
Jump

(Noun) A jump bid.
(Verb) To make a jump bid.

Jump bid: A bid made at a level higher than the lowest level at which that suit could be legally bid.
Jump overcall: An overcall made at higher than the minimally legal level: for example, 1♥ - (2♠). In the 1930s, jump overcalls were treated as strong bids. They are now more frequently treated as weak, preemptive bids.
Jump preference: A preference to partner's first-bid suit, made at a level higher than the minimally legal level. In the following sequence, 3♥ is a jump preference: 1♥ - 1♠; 2♦ - 3♥. For many years, the jump preference was treated as invitational except in support of opener's minor, when it was treated as forcing. As of 2001, however, most experts treat all three-level jump preference bids as invitational following opener's one-level new-suit rebid: e.g., 1♣ - 1♦; 1♠ - 3♣
Jump raise: A raise of partner's suit one level higher than the minimum legal raise. For example, 1♥ - 3♥ or 1♦ - 1♥; 3♥
Jump rebid: A rebid of one's original suit, one level higher than necessary, usually showing a six-card suit: for example, 1♦ - 1♥; 3♦. The range of strength shown by a jump rebid is a matter of partnership agreement: some treat it as a one-round force, others (particularly if playing Kaplan–Sheinwold and the rebid suit is a minor) play it as only a little weaker than a game-forcing opening bid.
Jump shift: A jump bid of a new suit.; 1) As a rebid by opener (e.g. 1♥ – 1♠; 3♣) or responder (e.g. 1♥ – 1♠; 1NT – 3♣), it indicates extra strength; 2) As direct response (e.g. 1♥ – 2♠): usually, a very strong hand. However, another treatment (weak jump shifts, requiring prior partnership agreement) uses the bid preemptively to show a weak hand and a long suit.
Junior: A player under the age of 26. Various national, regional, and world competitions use this designation.

K[edit]

Kaplan–Sheinwold (K–S): A bidding system that uses five card majors and the weak notrump.
Keycard Blackwood, or Key Card Blackwood (KCB): A variant of the Blackwood convention in which five keycards are counted, four aces plus the king of the apparent trump suit, rather than four aces alone. Commonly there is a follow-up to ask about the queen of trump ('Queen ask'), effectively the sixth keycard.
Kibitzer: A spectator who attends a game in person.
Kickback: An ace-asking or keycard-asking convention initiated by the first step above four of the apparent trump suit rather than uniformly by 4NT. Thus Kickback saves space when the trump suit is not spades. See Useful Space Principle and Blackwood: Asking bids other than 4NT.
Kiss of death: At pairs, plus or minus 200. A score of minus 200, down two undoubled and vulnerable, or down one doubled and vulnerable, is a likely bottom against a part score by the opponents. A score of plus 200 from making five-odd of a major after stopping in a partial, is a likely bottom against the game contracts bid by other pairs holding the same cards.
Knockout (KO), or Knockout Teams: A single-elimination tournament for teams-of-four. Routinely each round pairs all of the competing teams in head-to-head matches—win or lose; no draw or tie. Winners advance to the next round and losers are eliminated. The size of the field, or initial number of competing teams, must be a power of two. Only then, the format generates for each round an even number of teams, which enables a complete set of head-to-head matches.; Minor variants of great practical importance handle fields of any size by incorporating byes (definition 1) or matches with more than two teams (stipulated to have more than one winner, more than one winner, or both).; Two major variants are double knockout, in which teams are eliminated after losing two matches, and repechage, in which one-match losers drop into a secondary event from which some number of top performers return to the primary event.
Knockout squeeze: A type of squeeze that operates in part against the defender's trump holding, when the defender threatens to win a plain suit trick and then lead a trump, thus reducing declarer's ruffing tricks. It is usual to call this play a knockout squeeze when the squeezed defender is second to play to the trick, and to call it a backwash squeeze when the squeezed defender is fourth to play.
Kock–Werner Redouble: A rescue mechanism employed when partner's bid is doubled for penalties. Invented by Rudolf Kock and Einar Werner of Sweden. See also SOS Redouble.

L[edit]

Last Train: A conventional bid that is one step above the current bid and one step below game in a trump suit. It is a mild slam try and conveys no information about the suit bid. After 1♥ - 3♥; 4♣, 4♦ is Last Train, invites slam, and does not necessarily show a diamond control.
Late play: A board that is played after the remainder of the event has finished, usually because of slow play or an irregularity.
Law of Total Tricks (LTT), or 'The Law': A guideline stating that the total number of cards held by both sides in their longest trump fits equals the total number of tricks available to both sides in their best trump contracts. See Hand evaluation.; The Law is sometimes interpreted to mean that one side can profitably contract for a number of tricks equal to its own combined trump length; for example, compete to 3♠ with a nine-card spade fit.
Laws of Contract Bridge and Laws of Duplicate Bridge: The definitions, procedures and remedies that define how rubber bridge and duplicate bridge are played. The Laws include the Proprieties, which discuss the game's customs and etiquette — often far more important than procedural matters. The Laws apply worldwide. Individual sponsoring organizations, such as the ACBL and the EBL, establish their own regulations for play, which may amplify the Laws but may not conflict with them.; One important difference between the laws of rubber bridge (contract) and duplicate bridge is that rubber players are expected to deal with irregularities themselves while duplicate players are expected to call the director.
Laydown: A contract that can be made on any rational line of play.
Lead: 1) The first card played to a trick, which dictates the suit that others must play if able to do so (see follow suit).; 2) The hand that is entitled to lead to the next trick is said to be 'on lead' or to 'have the lead.'; 3) See opening lead.
Lead-directing double: A double by the partner of the prospective opening leader that requests the lead of a particular suit. Experienced partnerships usually agree on a set of suit priorities, such as opening leader's bid suit, doubler's bid suit, dummy's first bid suit, or a suit that dummy has just bid conventionally.
Lead out of turn: Playing a card when it was another player's turn to lead. Subject to penalty.
Lead through strength: A maxim that advises a defender to lead a suit in which LHO has high card strength, forcing declarer to play high or low before third hand plays. The corollary is that a defender is advised to lead up to weakness in the fourth hand.
Leap: To make a jump bid.
Leaping Michaels: A conventional overcall in 4♣ or 4♦ made in defense to opposing 2-level or 3-level preemptive openings. Leaping Michaels shows a strong two-suited hand (5-5 or longer) that is less suitable for a takeout double and is game forcing. Described as an overcall by some of a weak two-bid of a major, others expand its application to all weak preempts at the 2 or 3-level in both the majors and minors.
Leave in: To pass, often used of passing when partner's double was followed by a pass.
Lebensohl (Leb): Responder's bid of 2NT as a puppet to 3♣ in preparation for a sign-off. Normally used after an overcall of partner's 1NT opening, or after a double of partner's weak two bid. Also used after opponents weak two bid and partner's balancingtake-out double.
Leg: (Slang) game. Normally used in reference to rubber bridge. 'A leg up' means being vulnerable vs. non-vulnerable opponents. 'Cut off their leg' means becoming vulnerable vs. opponents who are already vulnerable.
Length: The number of cards held in a suit.
Let through: (Slang) To allow a contract to make by misdefense.
Level: 1) The number of tricks that (when added to the book of six tricks) a bid or contract states will be taken. For example, a bid at the four level contracts to take (6 + 4) = 10 tricks.; 2) The property of a contract that states whether it is at the part-score, game or slam level.
Lever: (Slang, verb) To double. (In Britain at least, a penalty double: Leave 'er in. The past participle 'levered' means, doubled for penalties.)
LHO: Left-hand opponent
Light: (Adv.) To enter the auction with relatively low values (for example, to 'open light' or 'overcall light'). To do so can be either a matter of tactics or of general style.
Lightner double: A penalty double, usually of a slam contract, that requests partner to choose an unusual suit for the opening lead. This criterion tends to regard as typical (and thus to exclude) a trump lead, the lead of defenders' bid suit, and the lead of an unbid suit.
Limit: In the bidding, to define a hand's strength with some degree of precision.
Limit Bid: A bid which establishes narrow limits on both the high card strength and distribution of the bidder's hand. In many bidding systems the following bid types are limit bids: (1) Natural notrump bids indicating balanced hands within a narrow high card strength range; (2) raises of partner's suit indicating a minimum number of cards in the raised suit, a narrow high card strength range, and likely ruffing values; or (3) rebids of one's own suit indicating a minimum suit length, an unbalanced hand, and a narrow high card strength range.
Limit jump raise: An invitational jump raise of a major suit, such as 1♥ - 3♥. Limit jump raises usually guarantee at least an 8-card fit in partner's major suit and around 10-11 HCP or the distributional equivalent.
Limit raise: Any call which invites partner to bid game in a suit partner has bid, previously. A limit raise promises trump support and hand strength about a king less than a minimum strength game force.
Line: 1) (with 'the'): A line on a bridge scorepad that separates points for tricks that count toward game (see Below the line) from those that do not (see Above the line).; 2) On a given hand, the play strategy that is adopted by declarer or by the defenders.; 3) Bidding: See Up the line and Down the line.
Lock: 1) (Noun) A contract that is certain to succeed.; 2) (Verb) To force a particular hand onto lead such that it cannot relinquish the lead unscathed.
LOL: Little Old Lady (pronounced El-Oh-El). A facetious reference to a seemingly weak player.
Long cards: Cards of the same suit, remaining in one hand, after all the other cards in that suit have been played from the other hands.
Long hand: In a partnership, the hand with the longer trumps.
Long suit: 1) In a hand, the suit with the greatest number of cards. Seldom used of a suit with fewer than five cards.; 2) Any suit of unusual length.; 3) Any suit of at least four cards. A four-card suit is likely to be called long when in context concerning a hand that is known to hold another suit, or even two, expected to be at least as long.
Long suit game try: Following a major suit raise to the two level, the long suit game try names a suit with at least four cards, so that partner's cover card is useful regardless of length in the suit. A double fit is not unlikely and, if a major suit, that is a potential alternative trump suit.; 2) Alternative term for a help suit game try. In some usage the 'help suit game try' is barely distinguishable from the long, in some barely distinguishable from the weak.
Loser: A card which apparently cannot take a trick.
Loser on loser: A card play tactic that attempts to create an advantage by playing two losers, often of different suits, on the same trick. Loser-on-loser play has many applications, including the creation of a ruffing position for declarer, the avoidance of overruffs by the defense, and interference with the opponents' communications.
LROB: Limit Raise Or Better. Example: '1H-2NT = Heart-support, LROB.'
Losing trick count (LTC): A method of hand evaluation based on counting losers.
Love: No score.
Low: (Adjective) A card that is not expected to take a trick.
Low–high signal: On defense, to play a higher card, having already played a lower one, so as to convey information to partner. Contrast Echo, or high–low signal.
Lucas twos: A synonym or close variant of the Muiderberg convention, a weak two-bid showing 5 cards in a major and at least four cards in another suit.

M[edit]

MacGuffin: A defensive card that, if retained, is a liability on one line of play, but that, if played, will be missed on another line of play. The term may be derived from the filmic plot device of the same name.
Major penalty card: A card that is exposed by a defender prematurely and through intentional play; or, an honor card that is exposed prematurely even if accidentally. A major penalty card remains face up on the table to be played at the first legal opportunity, including as a discard. Contrast Minor penalty card.
Major suit: The heart suit and the spade suit are major suits, often referred to simply as the majors. Declarer scores 30 points for each trick taken in an undoubled contract with a major suit as trump. Because game requires at least 100 points for tricks bid and made, both 4♥ and 4♠ (or 2♥ doubled and 2♠ doubled) constitute game contracts. Contrast Minor suits.
Major tenace: The highest and the third highest remaining cards in a suit, held in the same hand. For example, the ♠AQ before spades have been played. Tenaces define the structure of finesses. See minor tenace.
Make: (Verb) To take at least as many tricks as a contract calls for. Frequently used in the past tense of the verb, i.e. Made.
Mama–Papa: (Adjective) An unsophisticated game, approach to bidding, or line of play.
Marionette Bid: (Noun) A type of relay bid in which the cheapest response is expected nearly all the time, thus similar but not identical to a puppet bid. Name derives from 'a puppet with strings.'
Marked: To be known to hold a particular card: 'He was marked with the ♥Q.'
Marked finesse: A finesse for a card that evidently lies with a particular opponent.
Master: The highest card of a suit that is yet to be played.
Masterpoints: Units awarded, usually by national organisations, for successful performance in a bridge tournament.
Match: A series of hands played by two teams in knockout events. One pair from each team sits North-South at one table and the other pair sits East-West at the other table.
Matchpoints: A type of scoring in duplicate bridge. A pair's score on a given board is one matchpoint for every pair they outscored and one-half matchpoint for every pair they tied. (Outside the US these awards are often doubled, so as to avoid the award of fractional matchpoints.) See comparative scoring.
Matrix: The layout of the cards that play pivotal roles in certain endplays, most typically squeezes.
Maxims: A maxim of bridge is a brief expression of a general principle of the game. Most Bridge maxims have some validity but none are true in all circumstances.
Maximal overcall double: By prior agreement, a game-invitational double of an overcall that leaves no room for a bid, when a bid would invite game. For example, after 1♠ - (2♥) - 2♠ - (3♥) there is no room below 3♠ for a game invitation (and a bid of 3♠ itself would be taken as merely competitive), so a double is used as a game invitation.
McKenney: See Suit preference signal.
Menace: A card that requires an opponent to retain a higher card in the same suit, as a guard. The term is typically used of squeeze play.
Merrimac coup: The deliberate sacrifice of a high card to remove a vital entry to an opponent's hand, usually the dummy. Named for a ship sunk during the Spanish–American War, to block the entrance to a harbor. Sometimes confused with, and spelled as, the Merrimack, the American Civil War ship that fought the Monitor. See Deschapelles coup.
Michaels cue bid: By prior agreement, an immediate cue bid in the suit of an opponent's opening bid, such as 1♦ - (2♦), for two-suited takeout. The cue bid of a minor suit shows length in both major suits. The cue bid of a major suit typically shows length in the other major suit and in an unspecified minor suit.
MiniBridge: A simplified form of contract bridge designed to expose newcomers to declarer and defensive playing techniques without the burden of learning a detailed bridge bidding system.
Minor penalty card: A card below the rank of an honor card that is exposed by a defender prematurely but accidentally, via mishap. A minor penalty card remains face up on the table until played. The minor penalty card must be played before any other card below honor rank in the same suit; however, an honor in the same suit may be played before the minor penalty card is played. Contrast Major penalty card.
Minor suit: The club suit and the diamond suit are minor suits. Declarer scores 20 points for each trick taken in an undoubled contract with a minor suit as trump. Because game requires at least 100 points for tricks bid and made, both 5♣ and 5♦ (or 3♣ doubled and 3♦ doubled) constitute game contracts. Contrast Major suits.
Minor tenace: The second-highest and the fourth-highest (or lower) remaining cards in a suit, held in the same hand. For example, the ♠KJ before spades have been played. See major tenace.
Mirror: Identical hand distributions: 'North and South had mirror distributions.'
Misbid: A bid that fails to describe the hand properly. Often a misdescription of a hand's shape, as distinct from an overbid or underbid.
Misfit: Two partnership hands, neither of which can support the other's long suit. For example, a red Two-suiter opposite a black Two-suiter constitutes a misfit.
Mitchell movement: A pairs tournament movement in which the pairs sitting in one direction (usually North-South) stay in the same seats throughout, but after each round the pairs sitting in the other direction (usually East-West) move to the next higher numbered table, and the boards are moved to the next lower numbered table. Unless an arrow switch is performed, the effect is to create two events, a 'North-South' contest and an 'East-West' contest, with separate winning pairs, though a single winner can still be determined by comparing percentage results.
Mixed: 1) Of an event: contested by pairs or teams in which every pair comprises one male and one female player.; 2) In the auction: A mixed raise is, by agreement, a jump cue bid of opener's suit in support of partner's overcall. It tends to show four card support for partner's suit and the strength of a good single raise. In 1♦ - (1♥) - 1♠ - (3♦), 3♦ is a mixed raise.
Morton's fork coup: A play that forces the defense to choose between taking a high card that will establish extra winners for declarer, and ducking the trick, after which the high card cannot be cashed.
Movement: In a tournament, the scheme for the progression of players and boards from table to table, arranged so that a pair does not play the same boards twice, or meet the same opponents twice etc. The most common movements for pairs tournaments are Howell and Mitchell.
Moysian fit: A 4–3 trump fit, or a contract with such a trump fit. Named after The Bridge World editor Alphonse 'Sonny' Moyse Jr, who wrote and published a variety of articles that promoted the virtues of such fits or contracts, some bidding styles designed to locate them, and some techniques for playing them well.
MUD: Acronym of 'Middle, Up, Down', a lead convention which describes the sequence in which cards from a holding of three low ones (all less in rank than the 10) are played.
Muiderberg convention: A weak two-bid showing 5 cards in a major and at least four cards in another suit.
Multi: An ambiguous opening bid of 2♦ that promises one of several different types of hand. Originally entitled 'multicoloured 2 Diamonds'.

N[edit]

Natural: A call which indicates either: (1) a willingness to play the contract named, (2) a suit bid suggesting length or strength in that suit, (3) a notrump bid that suggests a balanced hand, (4) a double that suggests the ability to defeat the opponent's contract, (5) a redouble to suggest that the contract can be made in the face of a double by opponents, or (6) a pass that suggests weakness, satisfaction with the last bid made or no desire to make a further call. Contrast Artificial.
NBB: Nederlandse Bridge Bond (Dutch Bridge League).
Negative double: A conventional call used by responder in a competitive auction to denote possession of at least one unbid suit.
Negative free bid: Responder's suit bid following an opening bid and an overcall. Nonforcing by prior agreement.
Negative inference: An inference based on something that did not happen. For example, if a defender does not overruff, declarer might conclude that he could not overruff. Or if declarer does not ruff a loser in dummy, a defender might conclude that declarer does not have a loser in that suit.
Negative response: A bid that shows insufficient values for a stronger response. For example, a 2♦ response to a forcing 2♣ opening bid is often negative, as is a 1♦ response to a Precision 1♣.
Negative slam double: In a competitive auction, the double of a voluntarily bid slam to show no defensive tricks, and therefore to suggest a sacrifice.
Neuberg formula: In duplicate pairs tournaments, a method of fairly adjusting match point scores when not all boards have been played the same number of times. It gives equal weight to each board by calculating the expected number of match points that would have been earned if the board had been played the full number of times.
New minor forcing: By agreement, after 1m - 1M; 1NT, a bid of two of the unbid minor as artificial and forcing, often requesting three card support for responder's bid major or four cards in the unbid major. Sometimes called PLOB.
New suit: A suit that has not yet been bid.
NMF: New minor forcing.
No bid: An alternative to 'pass'. Used in the United Kingdom, where 'pass' might be mis-heard as 'hearts.' Regarded as improper in the US.
Nonadverse suit, or non-adverse suit: A suit which has not yet been bid by either opponent.
Nonforcing bid, or non-forcing bid: A bid which partner may pass. See also Forcing bid, Invitation, Sign-off.
Nonvulnerable, or non-vulnerable: Not vulnerable.
None vulnerable: In rubber bridge, the state of the score in which neither pair has made a game. In duplicate bridge, the vulnerability condition under which neither pair is designated as vulnerable for the board in play. Also, 'neither side vulnerable.'
Norman four notrump: A slam-seeking convention
North–South: One of the partnerships designated on duplicate boards.
Not vulnerable: The state of vulnerability in which both bonuses and penalties are smaller. Therefore, less is at stake for a non-vulnerable pair investigating game or slam, or that is contesting the part score, than for a vulnerable pair. Also, 'non-vulnerable.'
Notrump, or no trump (NT): A contract, or a bid that names a contract without a trump suit. Notrump is the highest-ranking strain. WikiProject Contract bridge deprecates the two-word 'no trump', however 'no trump' is the usual spelling in the United Kingdom and in those European countries which have adopted this English term.
Notrump distribution, no trump distribution, or NT distribution: Balanced distribution. WikiProject Contract bridge deprecates the two-word 'No Trump'.
NPC, or npc: Non-playing captain.
Nuisance bid: An interference bid whose principal aim is not to preempt or to compete for the contract, but nevertheless to upset the smooth flow of the opponents' bidding sequence.
Number, as 'go for a number': A very large penalty: 'He went for a number.' Often, 'telephone number', alluding to the size of that number if regarded as a quantity. (Dating back to the 1930s when UK telephone numbers were only four figures, plus an exchange name!)^{[citation needed]} See also

O[edit]

Obligatory

1) Of a finesse: A duck, made in the hope that a high card will fall. For example, declarer holds ♥K432 opposite dummy's ♥Q765. The ♥2 is led to the ♥Q, which wins. Declarer now leads dummy's ♥5 and RHO follows with the ♥J. Declarer ducks, hoping that LHO must now play the ♥A. The play is obligatory because given the first heart trick, no other play can yield three tricks.

2) Of a falsecard: A falsecard that, like an obligatory finesse, cannot lose and might gain. An example is the play of the card that one is known to hold (for example, the play of a queen after it has been successfully finessed).

Odd

Specifying a level. To make 4♥ is to make four-odd.

Odd–even discards

A defensive carding scheme under which the play of an odd-numbered card is encouraging and that of an even-numbered card is discouraging. The rank of the card may be used to show suit preference.

Odd tricks

The number of tricks above six (the book) that are taken by declarer.

Off

1) (Slang) Down, or set. 'We're off two' means 'We have made two fewer tricks than our contract.'

2) (Slang) offside.

Offense-to-defense ratio (ODR)

High ODR means a hand has characteristics more suited to winning the final contract, while Low ODR means it has characteristics more suited to defending against opponents' contract. ODR is not based on a mathematical formula, but refers to a player's judgement/perception of the hand.

Off shape, offshape, or off-shape

Having a distribution that does not quite conform to that suggested by a bid, such as an opening bid of 1NT with 2=2=6=3 shape, or a weak-two bid with a seven card suit.

Off the top

Said of some number of tricks that can be lost or won without gaining or losing the lead. 'There were eleven tricks off the top in spades', to mean that declarer could take eleven tricks without interruption; or, 'We're down off the top', to mean that the defenders can take at least four immediate tricks against 4♥.

Offside

Unfavorably located, from the point of view of the player taking a finesse. If East holds the ♣K and North the ♣AQ, from South's point of view the ♣K is offside. Contrast Onside.

Olympiad

A world bridge championship held every four years under the auspices of the World Bridge Federation.

On

1) Makeable. A contract that can be made is said to be on.

2) Onside.

3) (Suffix) In rubber bridge, preceded by a number that indicates progress toward game. If one has 40 points Below the line, one has 40-on.

One club system

A bidding system that uses a bid of 1♣ as artificial and forcing, but not necessarily strong.

One over one, or one-over-one (1/1)

To an opening one-bid, any one-level response in a suit; that is, one of a higher suit in response to opening one of a lower suit. Contrast Two over one.

One round force

A bid that requests partner to ensure that the bidding continue for at least one more round. If partner's RHO bids, partner may pass, but is otherwise expected to bid.

See also Forcing bid, Game force and Grand slam force.

One-suiter

A hand with only one long suit, normally refers to a hand with a six card or longer suit.

Onside

Favorably located, from the point of view of the player taking a finesse. If West holds the ♣K and North the ♣AQ, then from South's point of view the ♣K is onside. Contrast Offside.

Open

1) In the auction: To start the bidding by making the first call other than Pass.

2) Of a room used at a team event: allowing spectators. Normally at least one of two rooms is closed to spectators.

3) Of an event: not restricting entries in some way that is implicit. So participation in an open event is unrestricted in at least one respect:

a) not by invitation only (invitational event)

b) not by qualification in a preceding event or qualifier

c) not by representation of geographic zones, nations, cities, clubs, etc; nor by requirement that pair or team members share geographic residence, club membership, etc (national event, etc)

d) not by age, sex, or playing record (seniors, Masters, etc).

Open is generally ambiguous but it does have the last sense (d) in the names of WBF world championship events, where the relevant Categories are Youth (with subcategories), Seniors, Women, and Open. For the WBF, transnational means open in sense (c).

Opener

The player who makes the opening bid.

Opener's rebid

Opener's second bid.

Opening bid

The first bid in the auction.

Opening lead

The first card led by defenders. The dummy is not faced until after the opening lead, which makes the choice of opening lead more difficult than other leads. The opening lead can determine the outcome of the deal.

Opening leader

The declarer's LHO, who always makes the opening lead.

Opponent

A member of the other partnership or team.

Optimum contract

In unopposed bidding, the contract that cannot be improved upon by further bidding, nor could have been improved upon by taking a different line in earlier bidding. The contract is regarded as optimum because it offers the maximum score while minimizing the risk of failure.

Our hand

(Informal) A hand on which 'our' side can take more tricks than their side.

Out-of-the-blue cue bid

See Advance cue bid.

Over

See In back of.

Overbid

1) (Noun) A bid that overstates a hand's strength.

2) (Verb) To bid voluntarily to a contract that the partnership cannot make.

3) (Verb) To bid too high, irrespective of the result.

4) (Noun) (obsolete) In old texts, may refer to an overcall.

Overboard

(Slang) Having overbid.

Overcall

The first bid made by one of opener's opponents unless they intervene first by a double.

Overcaller

The player making an overcall; may also be referred to as the intervenor. Contrast Advancer.

Overruff

To ruff with a higher trump following a prior ruff on the same trick.

Overtake

To play a card higher than the winning card played by partner, unnecessary to win the trick but necessary to gain the lead.

Overtrick

A trick taken by declarer beyond the number of tricks required by the contract.

P[edit]

Pack: Deck of cards.
Pair: Two players playing bridge together as partners. Partnership.
Pairs: A form of duplicate bridge in which each pair competes separately, as distinct from team and individual events. Pairs events are normally scored by matchpoints.
Palooka: (Slang) Someone who plays bridge worse than others in their usual level of play
Panama: A defence to a Strong Club whereby two-level bids show the suit bid or the other 3 suits.
Par, or par score: On a given deal, the score that results from best bidding and best play by both sides. See optimum contract and par contract.
Par contest: A competition that uses composed deals, designed to test each pair's bidding and its card play. After the bidding, pairs are instructed to play (or defend) a specified contract. Results are compared not with other tables but with the predetermined par result.
Par contract: That contract which results from optimal bidding by both sides, and which neither side could improve by further bidding.
Pard: (Slang) Partner.
Part score, or part-score: 1) A trick score less than 100, obtained by making a contract.; 2) The contract that results in that trick score.; 3) In rubber bridge, a total of fewer than 100 points below the line.
Partial: A part score.
Partial elimination: An endplay in which declarer is unable to remove all possible safe defensive exit cards, and must hope that the remaining cards are so distributed that the defense cannot get off lead safely.
Partner: The other member of the partnership.
Partnership: 1) See pair.; 2) Two partners who play together for an extended period.; 3) The complete set of agreements entered into by a pair.
Partnership bidding: Sequences in which the opponents do not compete.
Partnership desk: A service, provided by some tournaments, that locates a partner for a player who does not yet have one.
Partnership understanding, or partnership agreement: An agreement between partners, reached prior to the beginning of play, concerning the meaning of a call or of carding.
Pass: 1) A call indicating that the player does not wish to change the contract named by the preceding bid, double or redouble. To pass transfers the right to make the next call to passer's LHO, unless it is the third consecutive pass, which ends the bidding (but see Passed out). See also No bid.; 2) To play, from third hand, a lower card than the one led to the trick. If declarer leads the ♥J, LHO plays a small heart, and declarer plays the ♥2 from dummy's ♥AQ2, declarer has passed the ♥J.
Pass and pull: To make a forcing pass and on the next round remove partner's double by bidding.
Passed hand: A player who passed instead of opening the bidding. The inference is that a passed hand does not hold the values required to open the bidding (unless playing a strong pass bidding system).
Passed out: 1) A deal is passed out if the auction begins with four consecutive passes. There is no contract, no play of the hand, and (at rubber bridge) no score. The players proceed to the next deal.; 2) A bid, double, or redouble (an action) is passed out if it is followed by three passes, which end the auction. The last action identifies the contract and the play follows.
Passive defense: An approach to defending a hand that emphasizes waiting for tricks that declarer must eventually lose, getting off lead safely, and avoiding plays that will set up tricks for declarer. Often indicated when neither declarer nor dummy has a running side suit or when the declaring side may have over-reached in the bidding. Contrast Active.
Pass-or-correct: A bid made in response to partner's ambiguous call. For example, South opens with 1♠ and West bids 2♠, by prior agreement showing hearts and a minor. North passes and East bids 3♣, expecting West to pass if he holds clubs and to correct to diamonds otherwise.
Pass out: 1) To make the third of three consecutive passes following a bid, double or redouble.; 2) To make the fourth of four consecutive passes. Thus, a bid cannot have been made and the table progresses to the next deal.; 3) (Adjective) The seat where a pass would end the auction.
Pattern: See distribution.
Pearson points: High card points plus number of spades held. See Hand evaluation.
Penalty: 1) A score awarded to the defense when declarer's contract goes down. The size of the penalty depends on the number of tricks that declarer was set, the vulnerability, and whether the contract was doubled, or redoubled. See Score.; 2) A remedy assigned by a director to redress damage done by an infraction. The penalty for a minor, procedural infraction might be some number of tricks, matchpoints or IMPs, or disallowing a particular bid or play. A more serious violation of the game's Proprieties may be imposed by barring the offender from an event, a portion of an event, or from organized bridge.
Penalty card: A card, incorrectly exposed by the defense, whose subsequent proper play is governed by certain rules. See major penalty card and minor penalty card.
Penalty double: See double
Penalty pass: The pass of an informatory double, to convert it to a penalty double.
Percentage: In matchpoint scoring, refers to the number of matchpoints actually scored by a pair on a board, session, or event, as a percentage of the maximum number available.
Percentage play: A play that is chosen because the mathematics of suit distribution suggests that it is more likely to succeed than an alternative line. Usually said of play in a single suit rather than the hand as a whole.
Personal score: A record of the board number, opposing pair number, contract, declarer, tricks taken, and raw score kept by each player for the boards played by the partnership in a single session. The personal score often appears on the back of the convention card.
Peter: (Slang; chiefly British) See Echo. The term is said to derive from the Blue Peter, a nautical signal.
Phantom pair: In a pairs movement, if there is an odd number of pairs, then in each round one pair will have to sit out. The missing pair that they would have played is known as the phantom pair.
Phantom sacrifice: A sacrifice bid against a contract that the opponents would not have made. Also, False sacrifice or Phantom save.
Phoney club: A type of 1 Club opening bid which shows opening values but does not guarantee clubs, denies a five card major (and often 5 diamonds as well) and may have as little as one club (on a 4441 shape hand). Usually played as forcing for one round. A variant of a short club.
Pianola: (Slang) A hand that is so easy it plays itself. 'Pianola' is a trademarked brand of player piano (a piano that plays automatically).
Pick up: 1) (Verb) To run a suit without losing a trick in it.; 2) (Adjective) Said of a partner who completes a pair, or of a pair that completes a team, just prior to the start of an event.
Pick-up slip: A type of score slip on which the result of a deal is recorded for the purpose of comparative scoring. Used in certain event formats, it is picked up after each round by the director or his caddy. Also referred to as a pick-up card.^[7] Contrast Traveller.
Pin: The lead of a high card from one hand to capture a singleton of lower rank in an opponent's hand.
Pip: 1) A spot card.; 2) A suit symbol (♠, ♥, ♦, ♣) on a card.
Pitch: To discard.
Pivot: 1) (Adjective) Of the suit that both defenders must guard in a double squeeze.; 2) (Verb) In party bridge, to change partners while remaining at the same table.; 3a) (Verb) In duplicate bridge, to play one round in a given direction, and the next round in the opposite direction at the same table; 3b) (Noun) In duplicate bridge, a pivot table is a table where each pair will perform a pivot. This can only happen in a Howell movement, or another similar movement, where players move between East-West and North-South during the course of the game.
Plafond: A French, whist-like card game whose scoring foreshadowed that used in contract bridge.
Plain suit: A suit that is not trump; a side suit.
Play: 1) (Noun) The stage of a deal when players attempt to take tricks. The declarer tries to take at least as many tricks as the contract calls for, and the defenders try to prevent that outcome.; 2) (Verb) To contribute a card to a trick, either by displaying its face (as in duplicate bridge) or by placing it face up on the table (as in rubber bridge).
Play for: To assume that the opponents have a particular distribution or holding, and to plan and conduct the play on that basis.
Playable: 1) (Of a contract) A rational, if not necessarily optimal, choice of strain and level.; 2) (Of an agreement) Leading to an acceptable result, if not in the best fashion.
Playing tricks: Cards, such as long cards, that will take tricks (usually, for declarer), and that therefore contribute to a hand's strength.
PLOB: Acronym or initialism for Petty Little Odious Bid, another name for New Minor Forcing. The name is derived from a diatribe by The Bridge World editor Alphonse 'Sonny' Moyse Jr in the magazine's Master Solver's Club feature, which called the convention an 'odious, meaningless, petty little bid'.
Pocket: One of four slots in a duplicate board that hold the cards between plays.
PODI: A proxi-acronym for Pass=0, Double=1. Method for countering interference over Blackwood. Pronounced 'podey'.
Point: 1) A scoring unit: e.g., a trick taken by declarer in a minor suit contract scores 20 points.; 2) A metric used in hand evaluation, to quantify its strength in high cards and distribution.; 3) A metric, such as masterpoints, used in rating players.
Point-a-board: Another name for board-a-match.
Point count: A method of hand evaluation which assigns a numeric value to a hand's high cards and distributional features, used as a guideline in bidding.
Point count trap: A hand whose intrinsic trick-taking potential is less than a conventional point count would indicate.
Pointed suit: Spades or diamonds. The term refers to the shape at the tops of the suit symbols. Contrast Rounded suit.
Portland Club: A bridge club in London which published the first version of the Laws of contract bridge. The club remains part of the ongoing process of revising the laws, along with the ACBL and the EBL, because of the vesting of the copyright.
Position: (Noun) Seat at the table: North, South, East, West; or first, second, third, fourth.
Positional squeeze: A squeeze that can succeed against only a specific opponent, because at least one threat must lie over its guard. Compare with Automatic squeeze.
Positive response: A bid that announces the possession of at least minimum values. Often said of a response to a forcing opening bid. Contrast Negative response.
Post mortem: (Slang) A discussion of a hand, and the nature of the result, after the play has concluded.
Powerhouse: An unusually strong hand.
Prealert: An alert which must be made at the beginning of the round before play begins on the first board. Different national governing organizations may establish different requirements for prealerts. Examples of methods for which the ACBL requires a prealert include the following:

An agreement to lead the small card from 'xx' on opening lead
An agreement (canapé) to bid the shorter of two suits before the longer suit with a two-suited hand
An agreement to use any bidding convention that entitles the opponents to consult a written defense during the auction

Precision, or Precision Club: A bidding system that combines the features of Kaplan–Sheinwold with a strong, artificial 1♣ opening bid.
Preempt, preemptive bid, or preemptive raise: 1) A bid (or raise) predicated on length of a suit rather than overall strength, primary function of which is to interfere with the opponents' bidding by taking away bidding space they need to exchange information.; 2) (Noun) A bid that has a preemptive effect, regardless of its intent.
Preference: A call that returns the bidding to partner's first-bid suit; for example, in 1♥ - 1♠; 2♦ - 2♥, 2♥ is a preference. A simple, non-jump preference shows neither strength nor support for the suit; it is simply a return to partner's presumably longer suit.
Prepared bid: A bid which differs from usual partnership practice that is chosen to avoid a later bidding problem. For example, playing five-card majors and holding a minimal strength opening hand, a strong four-card spade suit may be opened in preference to a weak five-card heart suit. See also prepared opening bid.
Prepared club: See short club.
Present count: A carding agreement under which a count signal shows the number of cards currently held. In a count-giving situation, a defender might first play the ♥3 from ♥753, and the ♥7 as his second play. Also, 'current count.'
Principle of restricted choice: A guideline to the play of the hand, concerning the probability of the location of key cards in the unseen hands. In particular it states that if a defender plays one of two adjacent missing cards (e.g. ♦QJ) then that defender is less likely also to hold the other missing card.
Progression: The movement of players and deals between rounds in an event.
Progressive squeeze: A squeeze in three suits that, when it matures, results in a new squeezed position in two suits.
Promote: 1) In the play, to cause a card to become a winner.; 2) In the bidding, to assign a higher value to a card, or to the hand as a whole, as a result of earlier calls made by partner or by the opponents.
Proprieties: A section of the Laws of Duplicate Contract Bridge that describes, in general terms, proper conduct as to the exchange of information concerning a hand, as to attitude and etiquette, as to partnership agreements, and as to spectators' conduct.
Protect: See balance. (In the UK, protect is the more usual term.)
Protest: See appeal. (In the UK, appeal is the more usual term.)
Pseudo squeeze: A position that, to a defender, appears to be a true squeezed position, but is not. Declarer hopes that the defender will misplay as a result. The literature often gives as an example a position in which declarer has a void in dummy's apparent suit of entry.
Psych, psyche, psychic, or psychic bid: A call that grossly misstates high card strength or distribution, made so as to deceive the opponents. The Laws specify that psychic bids themselves are legal. It is, however, a violation to infer and fail to disclose that partner has psyched, when the inference is based on partnership agreement or experience. Sponsoring organizations regulate the use of certain psychic bids.
Psychic control: A bid that, by partnership agreement, announces that the player's previous bid was a psychic.
Pull: 1) To remove the opponents' trumps.; 2) To remove partner's double.
Pump: (slang) To force out an opponent's trump, usually by means of a forcing defense.
Puppet: An artificial bid that simply requests partner to make a specified cheap reply – commonly the cheapest sufficient bid, or next step.
Puppet Stayman: A version of Stayman employed after an opening bid of 1NT or 2NT which could include a five-card major.
Push: 1) (Verb) To force the opponents to make any subsequent call at a level higher than they have as yet.; 2) (Noun) A tied board in a pairs or team duplicate event.

Q[edit]

Quack: A portmanteau of queen and jack. Used in situations where it does not matter whether the queen or the jack is held or played, as well as to emphasize that it does not matter. See Principle of restricted choice.
Qualifying: (Adjective) A session or sessions preliminary to the final of an event.
Quantitative: 1) Of a bid: A call based, usually, on high card points, rather than a feature such as fit or shortness. A raise from 1NT to 3NT based on a 4-3-3-3 hand with 10 HCP is a quantitative raise.; 2) Of scoring: The method of scoring used in rubber bridge or in IMP events. The metric used is the number of points earned on each deal, perhaps adjusted by the IMP scale and victory points. In contrast, comparative scoring is based on the number of pairs that have been out-scored.
Queen ask, or queen-ask: In Key Card Blackwood, the cheapest bid over the response to 4NT, to ask responder for the trump queen.
Quick tricks: Compare honor tricks.^{[contradictory]}
Quitted trick: A trick whose cards have all been turned face down (duplicate bridge) or gathered in front of the trick's winner (rubber bridge). In rubber bridge, a player may inspect a quitted trick if his side has not yet led to the next trick. In duplicate bridge, a player may inspect a quitted trick only if told to do so by a director.
Quotient: Points won divided by the sum of points won and points lost, occasionally used to break a tie.

R[edit]

Rainbow: A movement used in individual events.
Rainbow Trick: A trick consisting of all four suits, typically involving low cards.^[8]
Raise: A bid of partner's suit at a higher level. A raise shows a fit for partner's suit. 1?–2? is a single raise; 1?–3? is a double raise.
Rank

The position of an individual card relative to others: Aces have the highest rank, followed by K, Q, J, 10, . 2.
The order of denominations in the bidding. Notrump is highest-ranked denomination, followed by spades, hearts, diamonds and clubs. A higher-ranked suit may be bid at the same level as a lower-ranked suit; the reverse is not true.

Rebid

The second or a subsequent bid by the same player.
A bid by the same player in a suit he has already bid.

Rebiddable suit: A suit with sufficient length and strength, according to partnership agreements, to be rebid in certain defined circumstances.
Recap: (Abbreviation of 'recapitulation') A summary of results in a bridge tournament.
Recorder: A member of a bridge organization whose responsibility it is to maintain a record of reports of possible violations of the Proprieties.
Rectify the count: To lose some number of tricks in preparation for a squeeze. Losing the tricks 'tightens up' the end position, removing idle cards from the defenders' hands before they can be used as safe discards in the squeezed position.
Red: (Slang) Vulnerable. From the color of the paint on a duplicate board. Also: 'Red vs. red' to mean both sides vulnerable, and 'red vs. white' to mean vulnerable vs. not. (In British slang, those last two expressions are rarely used. The more usual ones are: '(at) game all', 'both red' or '(at) red all'; and 'at unfavourable', 'at red', 'red against green' or 'red against not'.)
Redeal: In rubber bridge, the prescribed remedy for a faulty deal. In duplicate bridge, redeals are not used except in special cases and under a director's supervision.
Redouble: A call that doubles the penalties and bonuses that apply to a previous double. Used conventionally, a redouble may also convey additional information.
Re-entry: A card that enables a hand to gain the lead on a later trick, after that hand has already gained the lead with a different entry card.
Refuse: (Verb). Of a trick, to duck.
Reject: To fail to comply with a bid that has made a request, such as an invitation or a transfer.
Relay bid, or relay: An artificial bid that requests partner to further describe his hand. The relay is usually the lowest available bid, so as to leave as much room for description as possible.
Relay system: A bidding system that consists of many relay bid sequences.
Relever or re-lever: (Slang) Redouble; by extension from lever.
Remove: To bid on over an undesired contract, especially a doubled contract.
Renege: Informal term for Revoke; associated with other games such as whist.
Reopen: See balance.
Repechage: A form of knockout competition in which winners advance and losers drop into a secondary event from which some number of top performers return to the primary event.^{[clarification needed]}
Rescue: To remove from a contract that partner has bid and which, often, has been doubled.
Responder: Opening bidder's partner.
Response: A bid by responder immediately following an opening bid and RHO's call.
Responsive double: A double that follows LHO's opening bid, partner's takeout double and RHO's raise of opener's suit, to show moderate values and no clear opinion as to the best strain.
Result merchant: (Slang) One who evaluates bids and plays according to their outcome, rather than to their intrinsic merit. Also, 'Result player' and 'Second guesser'.
Retain the lead: Maintain the right to lead to the next trick by leading and winning the current trick.
Return: To lead back, usually the suit that partner led.
Reverse: A bidding sequence in which a single player, on consecutive calls, bids two different suits, and bids the two suits in the reverse order to that expected by the basic bidding system. The specific definition of a reverse therefore depends on the bidding system (see main article). The reverse is designed to show additional strength without the need to make a jump bid. Because the reverse takes up bidding space, the reverse bidder is usually expected to hold a stronger than average hand, usually more than 16 HCP.
Revoke: Failure to follow suit as required when a player is able to do so.
Rewind: (Slang) To redouble.
RHO: Right-hand opponent.
Rise, as 'rise with': To play a high card in the hope of taking a trick: 'Rise with the ace.' Also, 'go up with'
RKCB: Roman Key Card Blackwood, a slam bidding convention.
Robert coup: A rare end position which combines elements of ruff and discard, trump shortening, and endplaying to force an opponent to concede a trump trick
Roman: Descriptive of bids and carding agreements used or originated in the Roman system:

Roman 2♣ and 2♦: Three-suiters.
Roman Blackwood, Gerber and Roman Key Card Blackwood (RKCB): Step responses to the ace-asking bid that entail mild ambiguity.
Roman jump overcall: Two-suiter.
Roman asking bid: A request that partner bid his number of controls wholesale, via step responses.
Roman discards: odd-even discards.
Roman leads: Rusinow leads.

RONF: Acronym for 'Raise (is the) Only Non-Force'. A treatment used for responding to preempts, usually weak two bids. All bids except the single raise are forcing.
Rosenblum Cup: The award for winning the world knockout team championship that is held in even numbered years other than leap years. (The Bermuda Bowl is contested in odd numbered years and the World Team Olympiad in leap years.)
Rotation: The progression of the bidding and play in a clockwise direction around the table.
Roth–Stone: A bidding system popular in the U.S. during the 1960s. It features sound opening bids, five-card majors and negative doubles. It is the principal foundation for 2/1 Game Forcing.
Round

In the bidding, a sequence of four consecutive calls.
In duplicate bridge, a set of boards leading to another round (e.g., the semi-final round), or a set of boards that two pairs play against one another.
Of a control, the round on which the control can stop the opponents from winning a trick. An ace, for example, is a first round control; the king is a second round control.

Rounded suit: Hearts or clubs. The term refers to the shape at the tops of the suit symbols. Contrast Pointed suit.
Round-robin tournament, or round-robin: An event format in which each team eventually opposes each other team.
Rubber: In rubber bridge, the set of successive deals that ends when one of the pairs wins two games.
Rubber bonus: A bonus awarded to the pair winning the rubber: 500 points if the losers are vulnerable, 700 if they are not.
Rubber bridge: The original form of contract bridge, a contest with four players in two opposing pairs (as distinct from duplicate bridge, which requires a minimum of eight players).
Rubens advances: Transfer advances of overcalls. See Useful Space Principle.
Ruff: To play a trump on a trick when a plain suit was led.
Ruff and discard: The lead of a suit in which both opponents are void, so that one opponent can ruff while the other discards (or sluffs). A ruff and discard is usually damaging to the side that leads to the trick. Also, ruff and sluff or ruff and slough.
Ruff out: To establish a suit by ruffing one or more of its low cards.
Rule of Eight

Devised by Ely Culbertson. 'The total of defensive honor-tricks that will be won at any bid (trump or no-trump) after each deal is about 8 out of the 13 tricks.'
A way to decide whether to overcall an opponent's 1NT opening. Length in long suits, the losing trick count and HCP are combined.
Devised by David Burn from experience of playing with and of captaining teams of junior players. (1) Subtract the number of aces held by opponents from eight. (2) Don't play at that level.

Rule of Eighteen: Regulation by the World Bridge Federation stipulating that an opening bid is acceptable if the sum of the number of cards in the two longest suits plus the number of HCP is at least 18.
Rule of Eleven: A calculation that can be used when it is assumed that opening leader has led the fourth highest card in a suit. By subtracting the pips on the card led from 11, the result is the number of cards in the other three hands that are higher than the one led. Third hand, for example, can then make inferences about declarer's holding in the suit by examining his own and dummy's holdings; likewise, declarer can make inferences about right-hand-opponent's holding in the suit. (The rule can be modified to subtract from 12 if the lead is thought to be third best, and from 10 if the lead is thought to be fifth best.)
Rule of Fifteen: Guideline for opening light in fourth seat: open if your high card points plus your number of spades is 15 or more. Also known as the Cansino Count.^[9]
Rule of Five: When the bidding has reached the 5-level in a competitive auction, tend to defend rather than bid on. In other words, in competitive auctions, 5-level contracts belong to the enemy. See also Law of Total Tricks
Rule of Four: Avoid giving support for partner's 5-card suit if a superior 4-4 fit might be available.
Rule of Seven: When declarer's only high card in the suit led by the opponents is the ace, count the number of cards in that suit held by declarer and dummy, subtract from seven and duck that many times.
Rule of Three: On a competitive part score deal, with the points roughly equal between your side and theirs, once the bidding has reached the 3-level, tend to defend rather than bid on (unless your side has 9 trumps). See also Law of Total Tricks
Rule of Twenty: A widely used guideline of the Standard American Yellow Card (SAYC) bidding system which states that a hand may open bidding 'normally' (that is, by bidding one of a suit) if the sum obtained by adding the combined length of its longest two suits to its high card points is twenty or more, but that weaker hands must either open with a preempive bid or pass. See also Zar points evaluation method.
Rule of Two: When missing two non-touching honors, it is normally superior to finesse first for their lower honor. In the following two example hands, three tricks or the maximum possible are needed.

♠ AQ10

♠ 765

♥ KJ1053

♥ 87642

In the first hand, finesse the ♠10, not the ♠Q. Similarly in the second, lead the ♥2 and when West follows with the ♥9, it is best to finesse the ♥10. When one of the missing honors is the 10 the rule will not apply, as one does not normally finesse for a 10 on the first round.

Rule of Two and Three: A bidding guide suggested by Ely Culbertson, which counsels preemptors to be within two tricks of their contract if vulnerable, and within three if not. Few players now follow the Rule of Two and Three.
Ruling: A finding and decision by a tournament director or appeals committee.
Run: To play the winners in a suit.
Rusinow leads: An agreement to lead the second highest of touching honors.

S[edit]

Sac: (Slang) Sacrifice. Also, 'sack.'
Sacrifice

(Noun) A contract that was deliberately bid in the expectation of going down, in the hope of a penalty smaller than the opponents' expected score from making a contract they had bid.
(Verb) To bid to such a contract.

Safety level: A level at which the partnership can normally assume, on the basis of the previous bidding, that its contract will succeed. It is the point below which the partnership prefers to explore even higher contracts. Also, 'security level.'
Safety play: A play that maximizes the chances for fulfilling the contract (or for achieving a certain score) by avoiding a play which might result in a higher score. Contrast Percentage play, the best play in a suit, whereas a safety play is the best line for the contract.
Sandbag: (Slang) To bid weakly or pass with good values, in the hope that the opponents will get overboard.
Sandwich: An overcall made after an opening bid and response by the opponents. The overcall is 'sandwiched' between two hands that have each shown strength.
Save: (Slang) Sacrifice.
SAYC: Standard American Yellow Card, a particular bidding system or the completed ACBL convention card that represents it.
Scientific: A style of bidding that attempts to narrowly limit the strength of a partnership's hands, so as to make its bidding more accurate.
Scissors coup: A loser-on-loser play meant to break the opponents' communications. Formerly known as 'Coup without a name'.
Score, or bridge scoring: 1) The numeric result of a deal, session or event.; 2) (Verb) Of a card, to win a trick: 'The ♠Q scored.'
Score slip: A paper form used to record the result of each deal in a duplicate bridge event when electronic scoring devices are not available. Depending upon the event format, the score slip may be either a pick-up slip or a traveller.
Scramble: 1) To bid to a safer contract.; 2) To score small trumps by ruffing, rather than as long cards. Often used of the play of a contract based on a Moysian fit.
Screen: A device which divides the table diagonally, visually separating partners from each other. Used in higher-level competition to reduce the possibility of unauthorized information.
Screenmates: Opponents who sit on the same side of the screen.
Seat: Position relative to the dealer: for example, dealer's LHO is said to be in second seat.
Second guesser: See result merchant.
Second hand: The player to the left of the player who has led to a trick.
Second hand low: A precept that advises second hand to play a low card on RHO's lead. See also Third hand high.
Section: A group of contestants in an event.
Seed: A ranking assigned to a contestant of relatively high rank.
See-saw squeeze: See Entry-shifting squeeze.
Semi-balanced hand: A hand with 5-4-2-2 or 6-3-2-2 distribution.
Semi-forcing bid: A bid which is conditionally forcing: one which requests partner to rebid unless his hand is minimal or sub-minimal for his previous bidding. Compare invitation.
Sequence: 1) The auction, or calls made in the auction.; 2) Two or more cards adjacent in rank.
Session: A period of play during which those entered in an event play designated boards against designated opponents.
Set: 1) To defeat a contract.; 2) The number of tricks by which a contract is defeated ('a two-trick set').
Set game: In rubber bridge, an agreement that partners will not change at the end of each rubber.
Set up: Establish.
SF: Semi-forcing.
Shaded: (Of a call) A call that is not quite warranted by the strength of the hand making it.
Shape: The distribution of suits in a hand.
Shift: 1) (Verb) To lead a suit other than the one already played.; 2) (Noun) In the bidding, a change of suit, usually said of a jump bid (see jump shift).
Shoot: To try for an unusually good result by adopting an abnormal line of play, typically at matchpoint scoring. Declarer hopes that the cards are distributed in such a way that a superior line of play will fail.
Short club: The natural opening bid of 1♣ when the suit contains three cards or less. Usually employed by players using the five-card majors treatment for opening bids when holding a hand with opening values but lacking a five-card major. When the hand contains two clubs and three diamonds, an opening diamond bid is preferred. Also, 'short diamond.' These bids may also be called 'prepared minors' - 'prepared club' and 'prepared diamond', or 'better minor' bids. The EBU 'Orange Book' recommends the term 'prepared club' for bids that show a minimum of three cards, and 'short club' where it may only be two cards or less.
Short suit: 1) In a 13-card hand, a singleton or void suit.; 2) In a hand, that suit with the fewest cards.
Short suit game try: By agreement, a bid of a short side suit after a single raise, hoping to reach game. For example, after 1♥ - 2♥, opener might rebid 3♣ with a singleton or void in clubs. The bid tells partner where high cards will be least useful, indicating duplication of values. It requests partner to take positive action with high-card strength outside that suit. Otherwise, the bid requests partner to sign off (in this example, by bidding 3♥). See help-suit game try and game try.
Short-suit points: In hand evaluation, points counted for singletons and voids.
Show out: Fail to follow suit.
Shuffle: To mix the cards. Shuffling seldom results in random distributions: in the long run, the cards so mixed rarely match the mathematical expectancies.
Side: Partnership.
Side game: A secondary event played simultaneously with the main event.
Side suit: A suit that is not trump; plain suit. A side suit may nevertheless have significant length: see Two-suiter.
Signals: The conventional meanings assigned to plays made by the defenders in order to exchange information. Also, carding.
Signoff bid: 1) A bid that requests that partner pass.; 2) A call that denies extra values, one that normally results in a pass by partner. Compare non-forcing bid, forcing bid.
Sign off: To make a signoff bid.
Silent bidder: A sheet, typically of card or plastic, placed in the center of the table during the bidding period, and marked with numeral, suit and other symbols such that a player can indicate a call by tapping on them with a finger, writing implement, or the like. Largely superseded by bidding boxes.
Simple squeeze: A squeeze against one opponent, in two suits, with the count (definition 3).
Single dummy: The normal manner of play, with certain knowledge only of one's own cards and dummy's, and without verbal communication between partners. Contrast Double dummy.
Singleton: A holding of exactly one card in a suit.
Sit-out: A round in a movement during which a pair is idle. That pair is said to 'sit out' that round.
Skip: An irregular feature of a Mitchell movement: typically a move by the East–West pairs of 2 tables up instead of the usual 1, to avoid them playing the same boards twice.
Skip bid warning, or skip-bid warning: A warning to LHO that one is about to make a jump bid that could cause a revealing hesitation or huddle; used only when bidding screens are not in place. The warning is made in one of two ways:; 1) When bidding boxes are in use, the red Stop card is placed on the table followed by a bid card; LHO is expected to wait 10 seconds before taking action;; 2) When bidding boxes are not in use, the jump bidder announces 'I am about to make a skip bid, please wait.' and then bids. LHO waits 10 seconds.
Slam: 1) small slam (or simply, slam): a contract to win at least twelve tricks.; 2) grand slam: a contract to win all thirteen tricks.; Bidding and making a slam or grand slam scores significant bonus points.
Slam try: A bid that invites partner to bid a slam.
Slot: (Slang) The location of a card that is onside. 'In the slot' means 'Finessable.'
Slough: Discard. Pronounced and sometimes spelled 'sluff'.
Slow: Cards that require establishment before they can be cashed.
Slow arrival: A style of bidding that uses a jump to a contract (to which the previous bidding has already forced the partnership) to show a specific holding. Contrast Fast arrival.
Slow rubber: A rubber completed in three games. See fast rubber.
Sluff: See discard. Neo-orthography for slough, as used in ruff and sluff.
Smack: (Slang) Same meaning as crack.
Small slam: A contract for six odd tricks.
Smith signal: The Smith signal (also known as Smith echo or Smith peter) is an attitude carding signal in contract bridge showing additional values (or lack thereof) in the first suit led by the defence, while the signal itself is given in the first suit played by declarer.
Smolen: After opener has denied a four-card major in a Stayman sequence, responder's jump to 3M to show four cards in the bid major and five cards in the other major.
Smother play: An endplay that captures an opponent's guarded trump by means of an overruff, when that card cannot be finessed in the normal fashion.
Soft values: Lower honors, as distinct from aces and kings.
Solid: A suit strong enough to run without interruption, or (in the bidding) that requires no fit with partner.
Sort: To arrange one's cards by suit, and by rank within suit.
SOS redouble: A conventional redouble that asks partner for rescue from a doubled contract. Its name comes from the Morse code distress signal SOS.
Sound: A hand that is relatively strong for a call that is contemplated or that has been made.
South African Texas: A variant of Texas in which 4♣ and 4♦ are used as transfers to 4♥ and 4♠ respectively.
Splinter: A singleton or void in a suit other than the trump suit. A hand with both good support for partner's trumps and a splinter can be very powerful offensively—offering control of the splinter suit (by ruffing the first or second trick) and extra trump winners (by ruffing subsequent rounds). When declarer holds either no top honors or the ace and low cards opposite a splinter in the dummy, the combined hands may win several more tricks than the partnership might have expected without awareness of the powerful fit.
Splinter bid: An unusual jump bid that by agreement shows a fit for partner's last-bid suit and a singleton or void in the bid suit. For example, a partnership could treat 4♣ in response to an opening bid of 1♠ as a splinter bid, showing a good hand with spade support and a singleton or void club. Compare with Fragment bid.
Split: 1) (Noun) The distribution in the opponents' hands of the cards in a suit.; 2) (Verb) To play one of two touching honors when the lead comes through them.
Split menace: A menace in squeeze play which depends on values in both declarer's hand and dummy.
Split tenace: A position where the high cards of a tenace are in opposite hands, e.g. Ax opposite Qx; usually relevant only when a lead by an opponent with the missing honor card (here, the K) would be damaging to his side.
Sponsor: 1) The organization that puts on a tournament, such as the WBF, the ACBL or the EBU, a regional association, or a club.; 2) One who hires partners or teammates to compete in an event.
Spot card: A card that ranks below the 10.
Spread: (Slang) Laydown.
SPS: A Suit Preference Signal, a card played by a defender to show interest in or an entry in a side suit.
Squeeze: A playing technique that forces the defender(s) to discard a vital card, usually an apparent stopper.
Squeeze card: A card whose lead forces one or both defenders to discard their guard in a suit.
Stack: A distribution of cards in defenders' hands that might make the play difficult for declarer. The defenders' trumps, for example, could be said to be stacked if they divide 5-0.
Standard American or Standard American Yellow Card (SAYC): A bidding system thought to conform to agreements that an unfamiliar partnership in America would use.
Stationary: Not called to change seats during the movement being used.
Stayman convention: A conventional bid of 2♣ that calls for a 1NT opening bidder to bid a four-card major, if one is held, and (usually) 2♦ otherwise. Many continuations have been devised.
Steal: To gain an advantage, usually through deception. The theft may be material (e.g., a trick or a contract) or non-material (e.g., a tempo). Despite the term steal, deception is entirely legal if it does not involve unauthorized information or concealment of information to which the opponents are entitled.
Step: In the bidding, the space between one bid and the next highest. See Useful Space Principle.
Step bid: A bid that conveys information on the basis of the number of steps it uses.
Stolen bid: A bid that has no correlation to the bidder's hand, aiming to disturb conventions.
Stepping-stone squeeze: A squeeze that forces a defender either to be thrown in to act as a stepping-stone to a stranded dummy, or to allow declarer to establish a suit.
Sticks and wheels: (Slang, chiefly British) An 1100-point penalty. Compare 'go for a number'.
Stiff: (Slang, adjective and noun) A singleton.
Stop: An instruction given to opponents when you make a jump bid, or skip bid. LHO is expected to wait around 10 seconds before calling, so as to avoid communicating information to partner as to how easy his call is to make. See skip-bid warning.
Stopper: A high card (normally, an honor) whose primary function is to prevent the opponents from running a suit in a notrumpcontract. See also Control.
Strain: See denomination.
Strip: 1) To remove safe cards of exit from an opponent's hand.; 2) To prepare for a ruff-and-sluff by removing all cards of a suit (or suits) in a partnership's hands.
Strip squeeze: A squeeze without the count in which one threat is against a safe exit card.
Striped-tail ape double: A double of a laydown contract made in hope of dissuading the opponents from successfully bidding to a higher, more rewarding contract. The doubler must be prepared to run (like the cowardly ape) to an escape suit if the opponents redouble.
Strong club system: A set of conventions that uses an opening bid of 1♣ as an artificial, forcing opening that promises a strong hand.
Strong notrump: An opening notrump that shows a balanced hand and 15-17 or 16-18 HCP. Contrast Weak notrump. A partnership's choice between the use of a strong notrump or a weak notrump has extensive implications for its entire bidding system.
Strong pass system: A bidding system that mandates a pass by first (or second) hand to show what other systems would regard as an opening bid. A corollary is that if the next hand also passes, third (or fourth) hand must bid to keep the deal from being passed out.
Strong two bid, strong two-bid, or Strong Two: An agreement to use an opening bid of two of a suit so as to indicate a strong hand and a strong holding in the bid suit.
Stub: (Slang) Part-score.
Sucker double: (Slang) An ill-advised penalty double, such as one based on HCP when the bidding warns of freak distributions.
Suit: A ranked division of the deck of cards into (in descending rank order) spades, hearts, diamonds and clubs. The suit ranking has a profound effect on the bidding and scoring, but none at all on the play. See also Denomination, Major suit, and Minor suit).
Suit preference signal: A defensive carding method that signals a preference, or the lack thereof, for a suit other than the suit used for the signal.
Superaccept: A strongly encouraging response to a transfer, such as a jump completion (e.g., 1NT - 2♥; 3♠). Many partnerships use a conventional superacceptance such as 1NT - 2♦; 2♠, one step above responder's major, to save room for game or slam exploration, and in conformance with the Useful Space Principle.
Support: A fit with partner's suit.
Support double: A double of an overcall that shows a fit for partner's suit, usually distinguished from a direct raise by the length of the suit in responder's hand.
Sure trick: A trick that in the absence of some irregularity a player must win, such as the ace of trumps. Extended by George Coffin to refer to guaranteed lines of play.
Surrogate signals: A count or preference signal made in a different suit, usually the suit which declarer is running, to inform partner in beforehand about a critical decision he will have to make later during the play of the hand.
Swindle: A deceptive bid or play.
SWINE: A proxi-acronym for Sebesfi Woods 1NT Escape.
Swing: A difference in scores between two tables on a board in a team match.
Swinging: An aggressive playing style, usually adopted by a pair or team who is behind with some chance to catch the leaders 'with a little luck.' Swinging players will make plays slightly against the odds that will offer large gains if they succeed. For example, a swinging pair might bid a 60% grand slam on a hand where a small slam should be the normal contract. They might also make close doubles of normal contracts that might go down.
Swish: (Slang) Three consecutive passes, ending the auction. '3♠ - swish' means 3♠ passed out.
Swiss, or Swiss Teams: A Swiss-system tournament for teams-of-four. Every team plays a series of matches with a series of opponents whose records or standings are as similar as possible when they face each other, without scheduling repeat matches. Typically these are relatively numerous, relatively short matches. For example, of 54 to 56 boards in one day's play: 6, 7, 8, or 9 matches of 9, 8, 7, or 6 boards respectively.
Switch: To lead a different suit.
System: see bidding system.

T[edit]

Table

1) (Noun) A grouping of four players at a bridge tournament.

2) (Verb) To put down one's cards face up.

3) See dummy (2).

Table card

A large printed card placed on a table in a bridge tournament. The card contains instructions for the players, including players' designations and board numbers. Also, 'Guide card.'

Table presence

Awareness of opponents' behavior and mannerisms, leading to inferences regarding their holdings and problems on a deal. It is improper to take action on inferences made on the basis of partner's behavior. Also, 'Table feel.'

Table talk

1) Improper communication between partners, effected by words, gestures, or facial expressions.

2) Extraneous discussion during the play, discouraged as a distraction or possible source of unauthorized information.

Takeout double

A conventional call used in a competitive auction to indicate support for the unbid suits in a hand of opening strength, and to request that partner bid. The classic, ideal pattern is 4-4-4-1, with the shortness in the suit doubled. There are many informatory doubles that anticipate a bid from partner, but 'takeout double' typically refers to the double immediately over opening bidder.

Tank

(Slang) Huddle.

Tap

(Verb and noun) Slang. To adopt a line of defense that is intended to force declarer to ruff in the long hand. Also, the line of defense itself: 'To get the tap going.' See Forcing defense.

Team

1) (Adjective) (also Teams or Team(s)-of-four) A form of duplicate bridge played by eight people at two tables. The North–South pair at one table and East–West pair at the other table are teammates. Every deal is played at both tables ('duplicate') and scored by comparing the two raw scores — usually on the IMP or board-a-match scale. Matches are commonly played in sets of 6 to 20 deals, with scoring required and player substitutions permitted between sets.

2) (Noun) A group of four or more players who compete together in a teams event. For each deal, four team members are active at two tables. Player substitution occurs between matches or, in many longer matches, between sets of 6 to 20 deals. Most teams events permit four to six players on a team.

Teammate

A member of the same team. Commonly said of any teammate other than one's partner.

Teams

(Adjective) See team (1)

Tempo

1) Having the timing advantage in the play of the cards by possessing the lead and thereby being able to initiate (or continue) one's line of play before the declarer/opponents can establish his/theirs.

2) The speed at which a player executes a call or play. Some players attempt to intimidate less experienced opponents by playing their cards very quickly. A break in tempo often indicates that a player has an unexpected problem in bidding or play.

Temporizing bid

Waiting bid.

Tenace

A broken sequence of (often) honor cards, such as ♠ A Q or ♦ K J. Declarer may lead toward his or dummy's tenace, preparing to finesse for a missing card. A defender may lead through declarer's or dummy's tenace to help his partner score cards behind the tenace.

Texas transfer, or Texas

A convention whereby a bid of 4♦ or 4♥ in response to a notrump bid requests partner to transfer to 4♥ or 4♠ respectively.

Their hand

(Slang) A hand on which the opponents have the preponderance of strength.

Thin

(Slang) 1) A bid or contract based on less strength than normally recommended.

2) (Of a hand) Lacking body.

Third-and-fifth

An opening lead convention that calls for the lead of the third-best card in a suit of up to four card length, and the fifth-best in a longer suit.

Third from even, low from odd

An opening lead convention that calls for the lead of the third-best card from a suit with an even number of cards, and the lowest card from a suit with an odd number of cards.

Third hand

The player who makes the third call, or who is the third to play to a trick.

Third hand high

A precept that advises the third hand to play a high card on partner's lead. See also Second hand low.

Third Way

A term for a bidding system combining 5-card majors and a weak no-trump, such as the Kaplan–Sheinwold system.

Threat

In squeeze play, a menace.

Three suiter

Bridge Card Game Wikipedia

A hand with length in three suits, thus shortness in the fourth. Distributions such as 4-4-4-1, 5-4-4-0 and 5-4-3-1 are often termed 'three-suiters.'

Throw

To discard.

Throw-in

See Endplay.

Tight

(Slang) An honor card or honor sequence unaccompanied by low cards: 'He had the ♥KQ tight.'

Timing

A player's agenda for tasks in the play of the hand: for example, ruff losers and then draw trumps; or, draw trumps and then run the side suit.

Top

Playing matchpoints, the highest score achieved on a board.

Top of nothing

The lead of a high spot card from a suit that contains no honor card.

Top trick

A card that can take a trick on a given hand. See Winner.

Total tricks

The sum of the number of tricks that each partnership can take, with its longest combined suit as trump. See Law of Total tricks.

Touching

Adjacent. Both cards and suits may be touching. In the holding ♣KQ5, the king and queen are touching. In deciding whether to respond Up the line, a player notes that hearts and spades are touching suits.

Tournament

An organized duplicate bridge competition.

Trance

(Slang) Huddle.

Transfer

A bid that conventionally shows length in a suit other than the one bid, or requests partner to make a bid in a particular suit, or both. The suit in question is usually the suit immediately above the one bid. Examples: Jacoby transfers (often just called 'transfers') and Texas transfers ('Texas'). Also, see transfer a control.

Transferable values

Cards, such as aces and kings, that are valuable either in declarer's hands or in defenders'.

Transfer a control

In squeeze play, to shift the responsibility of controlling, or guarding, a menace from one opponent to the other. This is usually accomplished by playing through one opponent in a way that forces him to cover the lead, leaving the other opponent with the remaining control. The purpose is to arrange that one opponent has to guard more menaces than he can successfully manage.

Transnational

1) A pair or team whose members differ in 'nationality'. Typically they are members of different national bridge federations, thus registered players.

2) An event (tournament) that permits transnational pairs or teams to enter. A transnational event is open in sense (c).

Trap pass

See Sandbag.

Traveller

A type of score slip on which the result of a deal is recorded for the purpose of comparative scoring. Used in certain event formats, it is folded, placed into the board and 'travels' with it to the next table. May also be referred to as a travelling slip or travelling score sheet.^[7] Contrast Pick-up slip.

Tray

See Board.

Treatment

A natural bid that: (1) either shows a willingness to play in the denomination named, or promises or requests values in that denomination, and (2) by partnership agreement gives or requests additional information on which action could be based. If the treatment is an unusual one, it requires announcement to the opponents even though it is natural. For example, a partnership that plays Flannery usually agrees that a 1♠ response to a 1♥ opening bid shows five spades. So the 1♠ response to 1♥, while natural, is a treatment because by agreement it shows at least a five card suit. Compare with Convention, in the auction a call that gives or requests information not necessarily related to the denomination named.

Trebleton

A tripleton.

Trial bid

See game try.

Trial

A (usually, high-level) tournament whose winners proceed to a subsequent event of even greater import.

Trick

A set of four cards played by each player in turn, during the play of a hand.

Trick score

The score earned by contracting for and taking tricks. Trick scores count toward making a game.

Triple squeeze

A squeeze that is so-named because it consists of three simple squeezes against the same opponent. A Progressive squeeze is regarded as a triple squeeze (because it is initiated by one), but not all triple squeezes are progressive.

Tripleton

A holding of three cards in a suit.

Trump

1) (Noun) A card in the trump suit whose trick-taking power is greater than any plain suit card.

2) (Verb) To play a trump after a plain suit has been led; see Ruff.

Trump control

The ability, from a combination of the holding in trumps with play technique, to prevent the opponents from taking too many tricks in a plain suit.

Trump echo

An echo in the trump suit, long used to alert partner to the possibility of a defensive ruff, and in the early 21st century to give partner the count.

Trump promotion

The advancement of a trump to the status of a winner by creating a position in which an opponent must suffer an uppercut, or an immediate adverse overruff, or choose to ruff with a higher trump that makes a later winner of an opponent's trump by force of cards.

Trump squeeze

A squeeze that forces an opponent to weaken his holding in one of the threat suits enough that the suit can later be ruffed out.

Trump suit, or simply 'trumps'

By way of the auction, declarer and declarer's partner select the trump suit on the basis of their combined length and strength in the suit: the greater length to ruff more losers in the plain suits, and the greater strength to better control the play of the trump suit itself. Information about trump suits generally in other card games can be found here.

Two club system, or Two clubs system

A bidding system that uses an opening bid of 2♣ as an artificial game force.

Two over one, Two-over-one, or 2-over-1 (2/1)

a bidding sequence in which after a one-level opening bid, there is a non-jump response at the two-level.
a bidding system based upon the concept that after a one-level opening bid, a non-jump response by an unpassed hand at the two-level is forcing to game.

Contrast One over one.

Two-suiter

A hand containing two long suits, usually each containing 4 or more cards, with at least 10 cards between the two suits.

Two-way checkback

An inquiry made after opener rebids 1NT. 2♣ is a puppet to 2♦ (forces a response of 2♦ by the 1NT rebidder) which says nothing about responder's strain. It is just a forcing bid to show an invitational hand. On the other hand, a rebid of 2♦ after a 1NT rebid is an artificial game force.^{[clarification needed]}

Two-way Drury

An inquiry about the third (or sometimes fourth) position opener's strength in a major suit. 2♣ shows 3-card support, while an inquiry made with 2♦ shows four cards in opener's suit.

Two-way finesse

A finesse that could be taken through either opponent.

Two-way Stayman

Over an opening bid of 1NT, the use of 2♣ as non-forcing Stayman and 2♦ as a game-forcing major suit inquiry.

U[edit]

UI: Unauthorized information.
Unauthorized information: Information obtained from partner that one is not permitted to act on: for example, the manner in which partner plays a particular card, or the tone of voice when making a bid.
Unbalanced distribution: 1) Broadly, any distribution of a hand or suit other than 4-3-3-3, 4-4-3-2 or 5-3-3-2.; 2) Unbalanced is commonly used in a narrow sense that excludes semi-balanced, 5-4-2-2 and 6-3-2-2. Narrowly, unbalanced distribution implies a void, singleton, or 7-card suit.
Unbalanced hand: A 13-card hand with unbalanced distribution in the broad or narrow sense just above.
Unbid suit: A suit that has neither been bid nor indirectly shown.
Unblock: To play a card whose rank interferes with the use of cards in the opposite hand. Opposite dummy's KQJ, declarer's singleton ace blocks the suit, and so is played to unblock. There are other situations that require unblocking, such as the Vienna coup.
Under: See In front of.
Underbid: 1) (Verb) To bid less aggressively, or to a lower contract, than most would with the same cards.; 2) (Noun) A bid that most would regard as weaker than warranted by the strength of the hand.
Underlead: To lead a low card when holding the top card or cards in a suit. The underlead is standard in defense of notrump contracts (so as to preserve communications between defenders' hands), but unusual against suit contracts.
Underruff: To play a trump lower than one already played on the lead of a plain suit. Usually this is undesirable but is sometimes necessary to adjust the number of trumps held while preparing a trump coup, or while preparing to defend certain squeezed positions.
Undertrick: A trick that declarer does not win, causing the contract to go down. Multiple undertricks occur: for example, two undertricks could result in 4♥ down two.
Unfinished rubber: A rubber that the players agree not to finish. In rubber bridge scoring, a 300-point bonus is given to a vulnerable side, and a 100-point bonus to a side with a part score - note this differs from the 50 points for a part score in duplicate bridge.
Unguard: To discard lower cards that help prevent a higher card from being captured by an opponent.
Unlimited bid: See wide-ranging bid.
UPH: Unpassed hand.
Unplayable: 1) (Of a contract) Unable to be played so as to bring about a favorable outcome.; 2) (Of an agreement) Inevitably bringing about undesirable bidding sequences or contracts.
Unusual notrump: An artificial jump overcall in notrump that shows a Two-suiter, usually bid to suggest a sacrifice. As originally played, 1M - (2NT) showed a hand weak in high cards with, probably, 5-5 in the minor suits.
Unusual over unusual (OUO), or Unusual vs. unusual: A conventional method of conveying information after the opponents have deployed the unusual notrump convention or a Michaels Cue Bid, also called Unusual vs. Unusual.
UOU: Acronym or initialism for Unusual over unusual
Up the line: To bid the lower of two adjacent suits before the higher. For example, of two four card majors, the heart suit is normally bid before the spade suit in response to an opening bid of 1♣ or 1♦.
Uppercut: To ruff in the expectation of being overruffed, when the overruff will cause a trump in partner's hand to become a winner.
Upside-down signals: An agreement that when following suit to partner's lead, a low card encourages a continuation and a high card discourages. This is 'upside-down', or the reverse of traditional practice.
USBC: United States Bridge Championships, competitions sponsored by the USBF in which entries compete to represent the United States in world tournaments. The USBC are teams-of-four tournaments that determine 'USA' open, women, and senior teams. Sometimes the USBC winner and runner-up both qualify, as teams 'USA1' and 'USA2'.
USBF: United States Bridge Federation, the association charged with national representation of the United States in international competition. Contrast ACBL.
Useful space principle: A guide to developing bidding conventions and treatments that directs developers' attention to the allocation of bidding space.

V[edit]

VCB: Variable Cue Bidding. Agreements used in the Ultimate Club to request and show controls.
Vanderbilt Club: A bidding system devised by Harold S. Vanderbilt and published by him in 1929, the first strong club system.
Variable notrump: The use of a weak notrump when not vulnerable and a strong notrump when vulnerable.
Victory points (VP): A conversion scale used in team contests and based on total IMP differences, so as to reduce the effect of very large swings.
Vienna coup: The unblock of a winner opposite a threat prior to reaching a position that effects a squeeze.
Vienna System: A bidding system devised by Austrian player Paul Stern in the 1930s, in which an opening bid of 1NT is artificial and shows a strong hand.
View: An assumption about how the cards lie on a particular deal: 'Sorry, partner, I took a view.'
Void: No cards in a given suit.
Voidwood: See Exclusion Blackwood.
Vugraph, or viewgraph: A method of visually displaying tournament bridge deals to spectators, by optical or electronic means.
Vulnerability: The scoring condition of each pair in advance of a deal. In duplicate bridge and Chicago, vulnerability is pre-determined for each board or deal; in rubber bridge, it is determined by the number of games completed in the rubber. Vulnerability affects both the size of bonuses for making contracts and penalties for failing to make them.
Vulnerable: 1) (Duplicate bridge) A designation, shown on each board, that indicates whether larger bonuses and penalties apply to one, both or neither pair on that deal.; 2) (Rubber bridge) Having won one game.

W[edit]

Waiting bid: A bid that enables the bidder to obtain more information before making a commitment. For example, some players use 2♦ over a 2♣ forcing opening bid as a waiting bid rather than as a negative response.
Waive: To condone an irregularity. In duplicate bridge, a waiver is an improper action.
Wash: (Slang) Push.
Wasted values: Duplicated values.
WBF: World Bridge Federation.
Weak jump overcall: A jump overcall used to preempt the bidding.
Weak jump shift: A jump shift used to preempt the bidding.
Weak notrump: A 1NT opening bid on a balanced hand with, usually, 12-14 HCP. The bid has mild preemptive value; contrast Strong notrump. To show a strong notrump, the weak notrump user opens with a suit and rebids in notrump.
Weak suit game try: Following a major suit raise to the two level, the weak suit game try names a suit with at least three cards and at least two losers where partner's short suit is likely to be useful, as will a strong suit. Three small cards is ideal.; 2) Alternative term for a help suit game try. In some usage the 'help suit game try' is barely distinguishable from the long, in some barely distinguishable from the weak.
Weak two bid, weak two-bid, or Weak Two: An opening bid of two of a suit to indicate a relatively weak hand with a long suit.
Whist: A trick-taking card game and predecessor to contract bridge.
Wholesale: A count or total that obscures cards' identities. A bid of 5♥ in response to Blackwood shows two aces wholesale, without announcing which aces they are.
Wide open: (Said of a suit) Without a stopper.
Wide-ranging bid: A bid made within a wide range of strengths and shapes, the opposite of a limit bid. An example from Acol is an opening bid of one of a suit which may be made with anything from 10 HCP (plus some shape) to 22 HCP (with a shape unsuitable for a 2 bid, such as 4-4-4-1). Such bids are limited only by the failure of the bidder to make a stronger or weaker bid; thus an Acol opening bid of one of a suit is limited by the fact that the opener failed to pass, to make a 2 level opening bid, or to make a pre-emptive opening bid.
Winkle: A squeeze without the count that forces the defender to choose between a throw-in and an unblock, each of which is a losing option.
Winner: A card that can take a trick on a given hand.
Wire: (Slang) Improper knowledge of a deal, prior to playing it.
World Bridge Federation (WBF): The world sport governing body for bridge. Its members are more than 120 national bridge federations that are grouped in eight geographic zones for some purposes. It sponsors competitions including but not limited to world championships, which exclusively convey the title 'world champion'.
WBU: Welsh Bridge Union.
Wolff signoff: After a jump rebid of 2NT by opener, responder's bid of 3♣ as a puppet to 3♦, after which responder can sign off with a weak hand.
Woo twos: A synonym or close variant of the Muiderberg convention, a weak two-bid showing 5 cards in a major and at least four cards in another suit.
Work count, or Work points: The assignment of the numbers 4, 3, 2 and 1 as points to represent aces, kings, queens and jacks in the process of hand evaluation. Named for Milton Work.
Working card: A card that is useful to a partnership, given the mesh of the cards in the two hands.
Wrongside: (Verb) To place the contract in the less favorable hand for the partnership. See Antipositional.

X[edit]

x: (lowercase) Any small card, of no trick-taking significance.
X: (uppercase) Double, in print or manuscript representation of the auction (where alternatives are 'D', 'Dbl', etc.) or the final contract. Used in bidding boxes, private scores, and occasionally elsewhere.
XX: (uppercase) Redouble, in print or manuscript representation of the auction (where alternatives are 'R', 'Rdbl', etc.) or the final contract. Used in bidding boxes, private scores, and occasionally elsewhere.
X-IMPs: Cross-IMPs.
XYZ: A convention used in an uncontested auction where 3 suits are bid at the one level. Thereafter a 2♣ is a puppet to 2♦, showing a weak ♦ or an invitational hand. A 2♦ bid is game forcing. A 3♣ shows a weak hand.
XY Notrump: A convention to be used after a sequence like 1X - 1Y - 1NT. Thereafter a 2♣ is a puppet to 2♦, showing a weak ♦ or an invitational hand. A 2♦ bid is game forcing. Also called XY Checkback.^{[clarification needed]}
XYZ Notrump: A convention to be used after a sequence like 1X - 1Y - (1Z) - 1NT, or 1X - (1Z) - 1Y - 1NT, where 1Z is an opponent's bid. Thereafter a 2♣ is a puppet to 2♦, showing a weak ♦ or an invitational hand. A 2♦ bid is game forcing. Also called XYZ Checkback.

Y[edit]

Yarborough: Originally, a hand with no card higher than a nine.^[10] The British Earl of Yarborough, during the 19th century, would offer a wager of £1,000 to £1 against picking up such a hand at whist. (The actual odds against such a hand are approximately 1,827 to 1.) In common usage, it may refer to a very weak hand.

Z[edit]

z: see Zoom.
Zar points: An evaluation method to determine if a hand should be opened. It asks to open whenever you have 26 or more Zars, determined by adding the number of cards in the 2 longest suits, plus high card points, plus number of controls (A=2, K=1), plus the difference between the longest and the shortest suit. An additional point is added for the ♠ suit if it has 4+ cards. The unsupported honors are diminished 1 point in value. 52 Zar points should produce a NT or major suit game.
Zero: The lowest score obtained on a deal in a pairs game. Also, bottom.
Zia play: A specific type of falsecard which creates a losing option to declarer.
Zone: One of eight geographic zones in which World Bridge Federation member 'nations' are grouped for some purposes. The WBF was founded August 1958 by delegates from Europe, North America, and South America, which are now Zones 1 to 3. World championship teams-of-four competition has been organized zonally even longer: the Bermuda Bowl was contested in one long match between representatives of Europe and North America from 1951 (the second rendition) to 1957; in a three-team round robin including the champion of South America for 1958. From 2005 to present, there are 22 teams in zonally organized world championship tournaments. See Senior Bowl: Structure and Zones and nations.; Zonal organizations mediate between the world and national levels in some respects. In Zone 1 for instance, the European Bridge League is the zonal organization. Its members are the national bridge federations of 46 countries from Albania to Wales, and geographically from Iceland to Israel.^[11] In Zone 2, on the other hand, bridge players are members of the American Contract Bridge League.
Zoom (z): In a relay system, the facility to joining into the next level of answers without needing to hear a new relay from partner. Usually, after servant has the highest possible answer for the level s/he is answering, s/he can jump into the next level assuming the captain made a virtual new relay, saving bidding space.

References[edit]

^Baron, 1993.
^Manley et al (2011).
^Cochemé, Simon (February 2012). 'The Coups of Bridge II'. English Bridge, no. 239, p. 19.
^Manley et al (2011), p. 153.
^ACBL Laws of Contract Bridge, 2003. Archived December 29, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
^Francis et al, 2001, p. 114. This observation in the entry 'Denomination' does not appear in the subsequent seventh Official Encyclopedia (Manley et al, 2011).
^ ^a^bManley et al (2011), p. 193.
^Rainbow-trick.
^Downey and Pomer, 2005, p. 31.
^Manley et al (2011), p. 196.
^'Member Federations'Archived 2013-10-16 at the Wayback Machine. European Bridge League (eurobridge.org). Retrieved 2015-01-24.

Bibliography[edit]

Baron, Randall, Editor (1993). The Bridge Player's Dictionary. Louisville, KY: Devyn Press, Inc. ISBN0-939460-50-5.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link) 277 pages.
Downey, Ned; Pomer, Ellen (2005). Standard Bidding with SAYC. Toronto: Master Point Press. ISBN978-1-897106-03-7.
Francis, Henry G., Editor-in-Chief; Truscott, Alan F., Executive Editor; Francis, Dorthy A., Editor, Sixth Edition (2001). The Official Encyclopedia of Bridge (6th ed.). Memphis, TN: American Contract Bridge League. ISBN0-943855-44-6. OCLC49606900.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
Manley, Brent, Editor; Horton, Mark, Co-Editor; Greenberg-Yarbro, Tracey, Co-Editor; Rigal, Barry, Co-Editor (2011). The Official Encyclopedia of Bridge (7th ed.). Horn Lake, MS: American Contract Bridge League. ISBN978-0-939460-99-1.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)

External links[edit]

Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_contract_bridge_terms&oldid=916925102'

Contract bridge
Related games
Alternative names	Bridge
Type	Trick-taking
Players	4
Skills required	tactics, communication, memory, probability
Cards	52
Deck	French
Play	Clockwise
Card rank (highest first)	A K Q J 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
Playing time	WBF tournament games = 7¹⁄₂ minutes per deal
Random chance	Low to moderate (depending on variant played)
Duplicate bridge, Auction bridge, Whist

Contract bridge, or simply bridge, is a trick-takingcard game using a standard 52-card deck. In its basic format, it is played by four players in two competing partnerships,^[1] with partners sitting opposite each other around a table.^[a] Millions of people play bridge worldwide in clubs, tournaments, online and with friends at home, making it one of the world's most popular card games, particularly among seniors.^[4]^[5] The World Bridge Federation (WBF) is the governing body for international competitive bridge, with numerous other bodies governing bridge at the regional level.

The game consists of several deals,^[b] each progressing through four phases. The cards are dealt to the players, and then the players ‘’call’’ (or ‘’bid’’) in an auction to take the contract, specifying how many tricks the partnership receiving the contract (the declaring side) needs to take to receive points for the deal. During the auction, partners communicate information about their hand, including its overall strength and the length of its suits, although conventions for use during play also exist. The cards are then played, the declaring side trying to fulfill the contract, and the defenders trying to stop the declaring side from achieving its goal. The deal is scored based on the number of tricks taken, the contract, and various other factors which depend to some extent on the variation of the game being played.^[6]

Best cac reader for mac. Rubber bridge is the most popular variation for casual play, but most club and tournament play involves some variant of duplicate bridge, in which the cards are not re-dealt on each occasion, but the same deal is played by two or more sets of players (or 'tables') to enable comparative scoring. For competition level, so called IMP score is of high significance.

2Gameplay
3Rules
5Tournaments
6Game strategy
- 6.1Bidding
8Computer bridge
11References

Etymology[edit]

One theory is that the name bridge has its origins in the name of an earlier game. Bridge departed from whist with the creation of Biritch (or Russian Whist) in the 19th century, and evolved through the late 19th and early 20th centuries to form the present game. The word biritch itself is a transliteration of the Russian word Бирюч (бирчий, бирич), an occupation of a diplomatic clerk or an announcer.^{[citation needed]} However, some experts think that the Russian origin of the game is a fallacy.^[7]^{[unreliable source?]}

Another theory is that British soldiers invented the game bridge while serving in the Crimean War, and named it after the Galata Bridge, which they crossed on their way to a coffeehouse to play cards.^[8]

Gameplay[edit]

A trick
North led ♠10 so all players must play a spade unless they have none.^[9] East 'follows suit' with ♠K, South with ♦J and West with ♥7. In a no-trump game, East wins the trick, having played the highest spade card. However, if diamonds or hearts are trumps, South or West respectively win.

Overview[edit]

Bridge is a four-player partnership trick-taking game with thirteen tricks per deal.^[10]^[11] The dominant variations of the game are rubber bridge, more common in social play; and duplicate bridge, which enables comparative scoring in tournament play. Each player is dealt thirteen cards from a standard 52-card deck. A trick starts when a player leads, i.e. plays the first card. The leader to the first trick is determined by the auction; the leader to each subsequent trick is the player who won the preceding trick. Each player, in a clockwise order, plays one card on the trick. Players must play a card of the same suit as the original card led, unless they have none (said to be 'void'), in which case they may play any card.^[9]

The player who played the highest-ranked card wins the trick. Within a suit, the ace is ranked highest followed by the king, queen and jack and then the ten through to the two. In a deal where the auction has determined that there is no trump suit, the trick must be won by a card of the suit led. However, in a deal where there is a trump suit, cards of that suit are superior in rank to any of the cards of any other suit. If one or more players plays a trump to a trick when void in the suit led, the highest trump wins. For example, if the trump suit is spades and a player is void in the suit led and plays a spade card, he wins the trick if no other player plays a higher spade. If a trump suit is led, the usual rule for trick-taking applies.^[9]

Unlike its predecessor Whist, the goal of bridge is not simply to take the most tricks in a deal.^[12] Instead, the goal is to successfully estimate how many tricks one's partnership can take.^[13] To illustrate this, the simpler partnership trick-taking game of Spades has a similar mechanism: the usual trick-taking rules apply with the trump suit being spades, but in the beginning of the game, players bid or estimate how many tricks they can win, and the number of tricks bid by both players in a partnership are added. If a partnership takes at least that many number of tricks, they receive points for the round; otherwise, they receive penalty points.

Bridge extends the concept of bidding into an auction, where partnerships compete to take a contract, specifying how many tricks they will need to take in order to receive points, and also specifying the trump suit (or no trump, meaning that there will be no trump suit). Players take turns to call in a clockwise order: each player in turn either passes, doubles – which increases the penalties for not making the contract specified by the opposing partnership's last bid, but also increases the reward for making it^[14] – or redoubles, or states a contract that their partnership will adopt, which must be higher than the previous highest bid (if any).^[15] Eventually, the player who bid the highest contract – which is determined by the contract's level as well as the trump suit or no trump – wins the contract for their partnership.

In the example auction on the right, the East-West pair secures the contract of 6♠; the auction concludes when there have been three successive passes.^[16] Note that six tricks are added to contract values, so the six-level contract would actually be a contract of twelve tricks.^[17]^[18] In practice, establishing a contract without enough information on the other partner's hand is difficult, so there exist many bidding systems assigning meanings to bids, with common ones including Standard American, Acol, and 2/1 game forcing. Contrast with Spades, where players only have to bid their own hand.

After the contract is decided, and the first lead is made, the declarer's partner (dummy) lays his cards face up on the table, and the declarer plays the dummy's cards as well as their own.^[19] The opposing partnership is called the defenders, and their goal is to stop the declarer from fulfilling his contract. Once all the cards have been played, the hand is scored: if the declaring side make their contract, they receive points based on the level of the contract, with some trump suits being worth more points than others and no trump being the highest, as well as bonus points for overtricks. But if the declarer fails to fulfil the contract, the defenders receive points depending on the declaring side's undertricks (the number of tricks short of the contract) and whether the contract was doubled by the defenders.^[18]

Setup and dealing[edit]

Stacked plastic boards with cards inserted

Four players at a table
with partners sitting opposite each other

The four players sit in two partnerships, with each player sitting opposite his partner. A cardinal direction is assigned to each seat, so that one partnership sits in North and South, while the other sits in West and East.^[20] The cards may be freshly dealt or, in duplicate bridge games, pre-dealt.^[21]^[22] All that is needed in basic games are the cards and a method of keeping score, but there is often other equipment on the table, such as a board containing the cards to be played (in duplicate bridge), bidding boxes, or screens.^[23]^[24]^[25]

In rubber bridge, each player draws a card at the start of the game: the two players who drew the highest cards are partners, and play against the other two.^[11] The deck is shuffled and cut, usually by the player to the left of the dealer, before dealing. Players take turns to deal, in a clockwise order. The dealer deals the cards clockwise, one card at a time.^[21]^[26]

In duplicate bridge, the cards are pre-dealt, either by hand or by a computerized dealing machine, in order to allow for competitive scoring. Once dealt, the cards are placed in a device called a 'board', having slots designated for each player's cardinal direction seating position. After a deal has been played, players return their cards to the appropriate slot in the board, ready to be played by the next table.^[27]^[28]

Auction[edit]

**Example auction**
West	North	East	South
1♦	1♥
1♠	2♣	2♠	3♣
4♠	Pass	4NT	Pass
5♦	Pass	6♠	Pass
Pass	Pass

East-West and North-South compete for the contract. East-West prevail, specifying the trump suit (spades) and the minimum number of tricks beyond six which they must win, six.

The dealer opens the auction and can make the first call, and the auction proceeds clockwise.^[c] When it is their turn to call, a player may pass – but can enter into the bidding later – or bid a contract, specifying the level of their contract and either the trump suit or no trump (the denomination), provided that it is higher than the last bid by any player, including their partner.^[17] All bids promise to take a number of tricks in excess of six, so a bid must be between one (seven tricks) and seven (thirteen tricks). A bid is higher than another bid if either the level is greater (e.g., 2♣ over 1NT) or the denomination is higher, with the order being in ascending order: ♣, ♦, ♥, ♠, and NT (no trump).^[17] Calls may be made orally, or with a bidding box, or digitally in online bridge.

Create a custom watermark free. If the last bid was by the opposing partnership, one may also double the opponents' bid, increasing the penalties for undertricks, but also increasing the reward for making the contract. Doubling does not carry to future bids by the opponents unless future bids are doubled again. A player on the opposing partnership being doubled may also redouble, which increases the penalties and rewards further.^[29] Players may not see their partner's hand during the auction, only their own. There exist many bidding conventions that assign agreed meanings to various calls to assist players in reaching an optimal contract (or obstruct the opponents).^[30]

The auction ends when, after a player bids, doubles, or redoubles, every other player has passed, in which case the action proceeds to the play; or every player has passed and no bid has been made, in which case the round is considered to be 'passed out' and not played.^[16]

Play[edit]

The player from the declaring side who first bid the denomination named in the final contract becomes declarer.^[d]^[31] The player left to the declarer leads to the first trick. Dummy then lays his or her cards face up on the table, organized in columns by suit. Play proceeds clockwise, with each player required to follow suit if possible. Tricks are won by the highest trump, or if there were none played, the highest card of the led suit.^[32] The player who won the previous trick leads to the next trick. The declarer has control of the dummy's cards and tells his partner which card to play at dummy's turn.^[33] There also exist conventions that communicate further information between defenders about their hands during the play.^[19]

At any time, a player may claim, stating that their side will win a specific number of the remaining tricks. The claiming player lays his cards down on the table and explains the order in which he intends to play the remaining cards. The opponents can either accept the claim and the round is scored accordingly, or dispute the claim. If the claim is disputed, play continues with the claiming player's cards face up in rubber games,^[34] or in duplicate games, play ceases and the tournament director is called to adjudicate the hand.^[35]

Scoring[edit]

A bidding box containing all the possible calls a player can make in the auction.

At the end of the hand, points are awarded to the declaring side if they make the contract, or else to the defenders. Partnerships can be vulnerable, increasing the rewards for making the contract, but also increasing the penalties for undertricks. In rubber bridge, if a side has won 100 contract points, they have won a game and are vulnerable for the remaining rounds,^[36] but in duplicate bridge, vulnerability is predetermined based on the number of each board.^[37]

If the declaring side makes their contract, they receive points for odd tricks, or tricks bid and made in excess of six. In both rubber and duplicate bridge, the declaring side is awarded 20 points per odd trick for a contract in clubs or diamonds, and 30 points per odd trick for a contract in hearts or spades. For a contract in notrump, the declaring side is awarded 40 points for the first odd trick and 30 points for the remaining odd tricks. Contract points are doubled or quadrupled if the contract is respectively doubled or redoubled.^[e]

In rubber bridge, a partnership wins one game once it has accumulated 100 contract points; excess contract points do not carry over to the next game. A partnership that wins two games wins the rubber, receiving a bonus of 500 points if the opponents have won a game, and 700 points if they have not.^[38]

Overtricks score the same number of points per odd trick, although their doubled and redoubled values differ.^[18]^[39] Bonuses vary between the two bridge variations both in score and in type (for example, rubber bridge awards a bonus for holding a certain combination of high cards),^[18] although some are common between the two.

A larger bonus is awarded if the declaring side makes a small slam or grand slam, a contract of 12 or 13 tricks respectively. If the declaring side is not vulnerable, a small slam gets 500 points, and a grand slam 1000 points. If the declaring side is vulnerable, a small slam is 750 points and a grand slam is 1,500.^[18]^[39]

In rubber bridge, the rubber finishes when a partnership has won two games, but the partnership receiving the most overall points wins the rubber.^[38] Duplicate bridge is scored comparatively, meaning that the score for the hand is compared to other tables playing the same cards and match points are scored according to the comparative results: usually either 'matchpoint scoring', where each partnership receives 2 points (or 1 point) for each pair that they beat, and 1 point (or ¹⁄₂ point) for each tie; or IMPs (international matchpoint) scoring, where the number of IMPs varies (but less than proportionately) with the points difference between the teams.^[39]

Undertricks are scored in both variations as follows:^[18]^[39]

Undertricks	Points per undertrick
	Vulnerable			Not vulnerable
	Undoubled	Doubled	Redoubled	Undoubled	Doubled	Redoubled
1st undertrick	100	200	400	50	100	200
2nd and 3rd, each		300	600		200	400
4th and each subsequent		300	600		300	600

Rules[edit]

The rules of the game are referred to as the laws Download kindle on my mac. as promulgated by various bridge organizations.

Laws of duplicate bridge[edit]

The official rules of duplicate bridge are promulgated by the WBF as 'The Laws of Duplicate Bridge 2017'.^[40] The Laws Committee of the WBF, composed of world experts, updates the Laws every 10 years; it also issues a Laws Commentary advising on interpretations it has rendered.

In addition to the basic rules of play, there are many additional rules covering playing conditions and the rectification of irregularities, which are primarily for use by tournament directors who act as referees and have overall control of procedures during competitions. But various details of procedure are left to the discretion of the zonal bridge organisation for tournaments under their aegis and some (for example, the choice of movement) to the sponsoring organisation (for example, the club).

Fully equipped. Edit, mix, play music. Drag and drop. Virtual dj home free for android.

Some zonal organisations of the WBF also publish editions of the Laws. For example, the American Contract Bridge League (ACBL) publishes the Laws of Duplicate Bridge^[41] and additional documentation for club and tournament directors.^[42]

Rules of rubber bridge[edit]

There are no universally accepted rules for rubber bridge, but some zonal organisations have published their own. An example for those wishing to abide by a published standard is The Laws of Rubber Bridge^[43] as published by the American Contract Bridge League.

The majority of rules mirror those of duplicate bridge in the bidding and play and differ primarily in procedures for dealing and scoring.

Laws of online play[edit]

In 2001, the WBF promulgated a set of Laws for online play.^[44]

History[edit]

Bridge club at Shimer College, 1942.

Bridge is a member of the family of trick-taking games and is a development of Whist, which had become the dominant such game and enjoyed a loyal following for centuries. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, Bridge is the English pronunciation of a game called Biritch, which was also known as Russian Whist.

However, the idea of a trick-taking 52-card game has its first documented origins in Italy and France. The French physician and author Rabelais (1493–1553) mentions a game called 'La Triomphe' in one of his works. In 1526 the Italian Francesco Berni wrote the oldest known (as of 1960) textbook on a game very similar to Whist, known as 'Triomfi'. Also, a Spanish textbook in Latin from the first half of the 16th century, 'Triumphens Historicus', deals with the same subject.^[45]

The oldest known Biritch rule book, dated 1886, is Biritch, or Russian Whist by John Collinson. It and his subsequent letter to The Saturday Review dated May 28, 1906, document the origin of Biritch as being the Russian community in Istanbul.^[46] It has some features in common with Solo Whist. The game had many significant bridge-like developments: dealer chose the trump suit, or nominated his partner to do so; there was a call of no trumps (biritch); dealer's partner's hand became dummy; points were scored above and below the line; game was 3NT, 4♥ and 5♦ (although 8 club odd tricks and 15 spade odd tricks were needed); the score could be doubled and redoubled; and there were slam bonuses.^[47] This game, and variants of it known as 'bridge'^[48]^{[full citation needed]} and 'bridge-whist',^[49]^{[full citation needed]} became popular in the United States and the United Kingdom in the 1890s despite the long-established dominance of whist.^[50]^{[full citation needed]}

In 1904 auction bridge was developed, in which the players bid in a competitive auction to decide the contract and declarer. The object became to make at least as many tricks as were contracted for, and penalties were introduced for failing to do so. Auction bridge bidding beyond winning the auction is pointless. If taking all 13 tricks, there is no difference in score between a 1♠ and a 7♠ final bid, as no bonus for game, small slam or grand slam exists.

The modern game of contract bridge was the result of innovations to the scoring of auction bridge by Harold Stirling Vanderbilt and others. The most significant change was that only the tricks contracted for were scored below the line toward game or a slam bonus, a change that resulted in bidding becoming much more challenging and interesting. Also new was the concept of 'vulnerability', making sacrifices to protect the lead in a rubber more expensive. The various scores were adjusted to produce a more balanced and interesting game. Vanderbilt set out his rules in 1925, and within a few years contract bridge had so supplanted other forms of the game that 'bridge' became synonymous with 'contract bridge'.

In the US and many other countries, most of the bridge played today is duplicate bridge, which is played at clubs, in tournaments and online. The number of people playing contract bridge has declined since its peak in the 1940s, when a survey found it was played in 44% of US households. The game is still widely played, especially amongst retirees, and in 2005 the ACBL estimated there were 25 million players in the US.^[51]

Tournaments[edit]

Bridge is a game of skill played with randomly dealt cards, which makes it also a game of chance, or more exactly, a tactical game with inbuilt randomness, imperfect knowledge and restricted communication. The chance element is in the deal of the cards; in duplicate bridge some of the chance element is eliminated by comparing results of multiple pairs in identical situations. This is achievable when there are eight or more players, sitting at two or more tables, and the deals from each table are preserved and passed to the next table, thereby duplicating them for the other table(s) of players. At the end of a session, the scores for each deal are compared, and the most points are awarded to the players doing the best with each particular deal. This measures relative skill (but still with an element of luck) because each pair or team is being judged only on the ability to bid with, and play, the same cards as other players.

Duplicate bridge is played in clubs and tournaments, which can gather as many as several hundred players. Duplicate bridge is a mind sport, and its popularity gradually became comparable to that of chess, with which it is often compared for its complexity and the mental skills required for high-level competition. Bridge and chess are the only 'mind sports' recognized by the International Olympic Committee, although they were not found eligible for the main Olympic program.^[52] In October 2017 the British High Court ruled against the English Bridge Union, finding that Bridge is not a sport under a definition of sport as involving physical activity, but did not rule on the 'broad, somewhat philosophical question' as to whether or not bridge is a sport.^[53]

The basic premise of duplicate bridge had previously been used for whist matches as early as 1857. Initially, bridge was not thought to be suitable for duplicate competition; it was not until the 1920s that (auction) bridge tournaments became popular.

In 1925 when contract bridge first evolved, bridge tournaments were becoming popular, but the rules were somewhat in flux, and several different organizing bodies were involved in tournament sponsorship: the American Bridge League (formerly the American Auction Bridge League, which changed its name in 1929), the American Whist League, and the United States Bridge Association. In 1935, the first officially recognized world championship was held. By 1937, however, the American Contract Bridge League (ACBL) had come to power (a union of the ABL and the USBA), and it remains the sanctioning body for bridge tournaments in North America. In 1958, the World Bridge Federation (WBF) was founded to promote bridge worldwide, coordinate periodic revision to the Laws (each ten years, next in 2017) and conduct world championships.^[54]

Bidding boxes and bidding screens[edit]

In tournaments, 'bidding boxes' are frequently used, as noted above. These avoid the possibility of players at other tables hearing any spoken bids. The bidding cards are laid out in sequence as the auction progresses. Although it is not a formal rule, many clubs adopt a protocol that the bidding cards stay revealed until the first playing card is tabled, after which point the bidding cards are put away.

In top national and international events, 'bidding screens' are used. These are placed diagonally across the table, preventing partners from seeing each other during the game; often the screen is removed after the auction is complete.

Game strategy[edit]

Bidding[edit]

Much of the complexity in bridge arises from the difficulty of arriving at a good final contract in the auction (or deciding to let the opponents declare the contract). This is a difficult problem: the two players in a partnership must try to communicate enough information about their hands to arrive at a makeable contract, but the information they can exchange is restricted – information may be passed only by the calls made and later by the cards played, not by other means; in addition, the agreed-upon meaning of each call and play must be available to the opponents.

Since a partnership that has freedom to bid gradually at leisure can exchange more information, and since a partnership that can interfere with the opponents' bidding (as by raising the bidding level rapidly) can cause difficulties for their opponents, bidding systems are both informational and strategic. It is this mixture of information exchange and evaluation, deduction, and tactics that is at the heart of bidding in bridge.

A number of basic rules of thumb in bridge bidding and play are summarized as bridge maxims.

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Bidding systems and conventions[edit]

A bidding system is a set of partnership agreements on the meanings of bids. A partnership's bidding system is usually made up of a core system, modified and complemented by specific conventions (optional customizations incorporated into the main system for handling specific bidding situations) which are pre-chosen between the partners prior to play. The line between a well-known convention and a part of a system is not always clear-cut: some bidding systems include specified conventions by default. Bidding systems can be divided into mainly natural systems such as Acol and Standard American, and mainly artificial systems such as the Precision Club and Polish Club.

Calls are usually considered to be either natural or conventional (artificial). A natural call carries a meaning that reflects the call; a natural bid intuitively showing hand or suit strength based on the level or suit of the bid, and a natural double expressing that the player believes that the opposing partnership will not make their contract. By contrast, a conventional (artificial) call offers and/or asks for information by means of pre-agreed coded interpretations, in which some calls convey very specific information or requests that are not part of the natural meaning of the call. Thus in response to 4NT, a 'natural' bid of 5♦ would state a preference towards a diamond suit or a desire to play the contract in 5 diamonds, whereas if the partners have agreed to use the common Blackwood convention, a bid of 5♦ in the same situation would say nothing about the diamond suit, but tell the partner that the hand in question contains exactly one ace.

Conventions are valuable in bridge because of the need to pass information beyond a simple like or dislike of a particular suit, and because the limited bidding space can be used more efficiently by adopting a conventional (artificial) meaning for a given call where a natural meaning would have less utility, because the information it would convey is not valuable or because the desire to convey that information would arise only rarely. The conventional meaning conveys more useful (or more frequently useful) information. There are a very large number of conventions from which players can choose; many books have been written detailing bidding conventions. Well-known conventions include Stayman (to ask the opening 1NT bidder to show any four-card major suit), Jacoby transfers (a request by (usually) the weak hand for the partner to bid a particular suit first, and therefore to become the declarer), and the Blackwood convention (to ask for information on the number of aces and kings held, used in slam bidding situations).

The term preempt refers to a high-level tactical bid by a weak hand, relying upon a very long suit rather than high cards for tricks. Preemptive bids serve a double purpose – they allow players to indicate they are bidding on the basis of a long suit in an otherwise weak hand, which is important information to share, and they also consume substantial bidding space which prevents a possibly strong opposing pair from exchanging information on their cards. Several systems include the use of opening bids or other early bids with weak hands including long (usually six to eight card) suits at the 2, 3 or even 4 or 5 levels as preempts.

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Basic natural systems[edit]

As a rule, a natural suit bid indicates a holding of at least four (or more, depending on the situation and the system) cards in that suit as an opening bid, or a lesser number when supporting partner; a natural NT bid indicates a balanced hand.

Most systems use a count of high card points as the basic evaluation of the strength of a hand, refining this by reference to shape and distribution if appropriate. In the most commonly used point count system, aces are counted as 4 points, kings as 3, queens as 2, and jacks as 1 point; therefore, the deck contains 40 points. In addition, the distribution of the cards in a hand into suits may also contribute to the strength of a hand and be counted as distribution points. A better than average hand, containing 12 or 13 points, is usually considered sufficient to open the bidding, i.e., to make the first bid in the auction. A combination of two such hands (i.e., 25 or 26 points shared between partners) is often sufficient for a partnership to bid, and generally to make, game in a major suit or notrump (more are usually needed for a minor suit game, as the level is higher).

In natural systems, a 1NT opening bid usually reflects a hand that has a relatively balanced shape (usually between two and four (or less often five) cards in each suit) and a sharply limited number of high card points, usually somewhere between 12 and 18 – the most common ranges use a span of exactly three points (for example, 12–14, 15–17 or 16–18), but some systems use a four-point range, usually 15–18.

Opening bids of three or higher are preemptive bids, i.e., bids made with weak hands that especially favor a particular suit, opened at a high level in order to define the hand's value quickly and to frustrate the opposition. For example, a hand of ♠ KQJ9872 ♥ 7♦ 42 ♣ 763 would be a candidate for an opening bid of 3♠, designed to make it difficult for the opposing team to bid and find their optimum contract even if they have the bulk of the points, as it is nearly valueless unless spades are trumps, it contains good enough spades that the penalty for being set should not be higher than the value of an opponent game, and the high card weakness makes it more likely that the opponents have enough strength to make game themselves.

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Openings at the 2 level are either unusually strong (2NT, natural, and 2♣, artificial) or preemptive, depending on the system. Unusually strong bids communicate an especially high number of points (normally 20 or more) or a high trick-taking potential (normally 8 or more). Also 2♦ as the strongest (by HCP and by DP+HCP) has become more common, perhaps especially at websites that offer duplicate bridge. Here the 2♣ opening is used for either hands with a good 6-card suit or longer (max one losing card) and a total of 18 HCP up to 23 total points – or '2¹⁄₂NT', like 2NT but with 22–23 HCP. Whilst the 2♦ opening bid takes care of all hands with 24 points (HCP or with distribution points included) with the only exception of 'Gambling 3NT'.

Opening bids at the one level are made with hands containing 12–13 points or more and which are not suitable for one of the preceding bids. Using Standard American with 5-card majors, opening hearts or spades usually promises a 5-card suit. Partnerships who agree to play 5-card majors open a minor suit with 4-card majors and then bid their major suit at the next opportunity. This means that an opening bid of 1♣ or 1♦ will sometimes be made with only 3 cards in that suit.

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Doubles are sometimes given conventional meanings in otherwise mostly natural systems. A natural, or penalty double, is one used to try to gain extra points when the defenders are confident of setting (defeating) the contract. The most common example of a conventional double is the takeout double of a low-level suit bid, implying support for the unbid suits or the unbid major suits and asking partner to choose one of them.

Variations on the basic themes[edit]

Bidding systems depart from these basic ideas in varying degrees. Standard American, for instance, is a collection of conventions designed to bolster the accuracy and power of these basic ideas, while Precision Club is a system that uses the 1♣ opening bid for all or almost all strong hands (but sets the threshold for 'strong' rather lower than most other systems – usually 16 high card points) and may include other artificial calls to handle other situations (but it may contain natural calls as well). Many experts today use a system called 2/1 game forcing (enunciated as two over one game forcing), which amongst other features adds some complexity to the treatment of the one notrump response as used in Standard American. In the UK, Acol is the most common system; its main features are a weak one notrump opening with 12–14 high card points and several variations for 2-level openings.

There are also a variety of advanced techniques used for hand evaluation. The most basic is the Milton Work point count, (the 4-3-2-1 system detailed above) but this is sometimes modified in various ways, or either augmented or replaced by other approaches such as losing trick count, honor point count, law of total tricks, or Zar Points.

Common conventions and variations within natural systems include:

Point count required for 1 NT opening bid ('mini' 10–12, 'weak' 12–14, 'strong' 15–17 or 16–18)
Whether an opening bid of 1♥ and 1♠ requires a minimum of 4 or 5 cards in the suit (4 or 5 card majors)
Whether 1♣ (and sometimes 1♦) is 'natural' or 'suspect' (also called 'phoney' or 'short'), signifying an opening hand lacking a notable heart or spade suit
Whether opening bids at the two level are 'strong' (20+ points) or 'weak' (i.e., pre-emptive with a 6 card suit). (Note: an opening bid of 2♣ is usually played in otherwise natural systems as conventional, signifying any exceptionally strong hand)
Blackwood (either the original version or Roman Key Card)
Stayman (together with Blackwood, described as 'the two most famous conventions in Bridge'.^[55])
Whether the partnership will play Jacoby transfers (bids of 2♦ and 2♥ over 1NT or 3♦ and 3♥ over 2NT respectively require the 1NT or 2NT bidder to rebid 2♥ and 2♠ or 3♥ and 3♠), minor suit transfers (bids of 2♠ and either 2NT or 3♣ over 1NT respectively require the 1NT bidder to bid 3♣ and 3♦) and Texas transfers (bids of 4♦ and 4♥ respectively require the 1NT, or 2NT bidder to rebid 4♥ and 4♠)
What types of cue bids (e.g. bidding the opponents' suit) the partnership will play, if any.
Whether doubling a contract at the 1, 2 and sometimes higher levels signifies a belief that the opponents' contract will fail and a desire to raise the stakes (a penalty double), or an indication of strength but no biddable suit coupled with a request that partner bid something (a takeout double).
Whether doubling or overcalling over opponents' 1NT is natural or conventional. One common artificial agreement is Cappelletti, where 2♣ is a transfer to be passed or corrected to a major, 2♦ means both majors and a major shows that suit plus a minor.
How the partnership's bidding practices will be varied if their opponents intervene or compete.
Which (if any) bids are forcing and require a response.

Within play, it is also commonly agreed what systems of opening leads, signals and discards will be played:

Conventions for the opening lead govern how the first card to be played will be chosen and what it will mean,
Signals indicate how cards played within a suit are chosen – for example, playing a noticeably high card when this would not be expected can signal encouragement to continue playing the suit, and a low card can signal discouragement and a desire for partner to choose some other suit. (Some partnerships use 'reverse' signals, meaning that a noticeably high card discourages that suit and a noticeably low card encourages that suit, thus not 'wasting' a potentially useful intermediate card in the suit of interest.)
Discards cover the situation when a defender cannot follow suit and therefore has free choice what card to play or throw away. In such circumstances the thrown-away card can be used to indicate some aspect of the hand, or a desire for a specific suit to be played.
Count signals cover the situation when a defender is following suit (usually to a suit that the declarer has led). In such circumstances the order in which a defender plays his spot cards will indicate whether an even or odd number of cards was originally held in that suit. This can help the other defender count out the entire original distribution of the cards in that suit. It is sometimes critical to know this when defending.
Suit preference signals cover the situation where a defender is returning a suit which will be ruffed by his partner. If he plays a high card he is showing an entry in the higher side suit and vice versa. There are some other situations where this tool may be used.
Surrogate signals cover the situation when it is critical to show length in a side suit and it will be too late if defenders wait until that suit is played. Then, the play in the first declarer played suit is a count signal regarding the critical suit and not the trump suit itself. In fact, any signal made about a suit in another suit might be called as such.

Advanced bidding techniques[edit]

Every call (including 'pass', also sometimes called 'no bid') serves two purposes. It confirms or passes some information to a partner, and also denies by implication any other kind of hand which would have tended to support an alternative call. For example, a bid of 2NT immediately after partner's 1NT not only shows a balanced hand of a certain point range, but also would almost always deny possession of a five-card major suit (otherwise the player would have bid it) or even a four card major suit (in that case, the player would probably have used the Stayman convention).

Likewise, in some partnerships the bid of 2♥ in the sequence 1NT–2♣–2♦–2♥ between partners (opponents passing throughout) explicitly shows five hearts but also confirms four cards in spades: the bidder must hold at least five hearts to make it worth looking for a heart fit after 2♦ denied a four card major, and with at least five hearts, a Stayman bid must have been justified by having exactly four spades, the other major (since Stayman (as used by this partnership) is not useful with anything except a four card major suit).^[56] Thus an astute partner can read much more than the surface meaning into the bidding. Alternatively, many partnerships play this same bidding sequence as 'Crawling Stayman' by which the responder shows a weak hand (less than eight high card points) with shortness in diamonds but at least four hearts and four spades; the opening bidder may correct to spades if that appears to be the better contract.

The situations detailed here are extremely simple examples; many instances of advanced bidding involve specific agreements related to very specific situations and subtle inferences regarding entire sequences of calls.

Play techniques[edit]

Terence Reese, a prolific author of bridge books, points out^{[citation needed]} that there are only four ways of taking a trick by force, two of which are very easy:

playing a high card that no one else can beat
trumping an opponent's high card
establishing long suits (the last cards in a suit will take tricks if the opponents don't have the suit and are unable to trump)
playing for the opponents' high cards to be in a particular position (if their ace is to the right of your king, your king may be able to take a trick, especially if, when that suit is led, the player to your right has to play their card before you do)

Nearly all trick-taking techniques in bridge can be reduced to one of these four methods. The optimum play of the cards can require much thought and experience and is the subject of whole books on bridge.

Example[edit]

The cards are dealt as shown in the bridge hand diagram; North is the dealer and starts the auction which proceeds as shown in the bidding table.

Example 1 Matchpoints South in 4♥ Not Vulnerable		♠	J 3
		♥	J 8 7 4
		♦	A 10 7 6 5
		♣	Q 3
♠	K Q 8 7 2	N W E S		♠	10 9 5 4
♥	A 2			♥	9 6
♦	J 4 2			♦	K Q 9
♣	10 7 2			♣	K 9 6 4
Lead: ♠ K		♠	A 6
		♥	K Q 10 5 3
		♦	8 3
		♣	A J 8 5

West	North	East	South
Pass	Pass	1♥
1♠	2♥	2♠	3♣
Pass	4♥	Pass	Pass
Pass

As neither North nor East have sufficient strength to open the bidding, they each pass, denying such strength. South, next in turn, opens with the bid of 1♥, which denotes a reasonable heart suit (at least 4 or 5 cards long, depending on the bidding system) and at least 12 high card points. On this hand, South has 14 high card points. West overcalls with 1♠, since he has a long spade suit of reasonable quality and 10 high card points (an overcall can be made on a hand that is not quite strong enough for an opening bid). North supports partner's suit with 2♥, showing heart support and about 6–8 points. East supports spades with 2♠. South inserts a game try of 3♣, inviting the partner to bid the game of 4♥ with good club support and overall values. North complies, as North is at the higher end of the range for his 2♥ bid, and has a fourth trump (the 2♥ bid promised only three), and the doubleton queen of clubs to fit with partner's strength there. (North could instead have bid 3♥, indicating not enough strength for game, asking South to pass and so play 3♥.)

In the auction, North-South are trying to investigate whether their cards are sufficient to make a game (nine tricks at notrump, ten tricks in hearts or spades, 11 tricks in clubs or diamonds), which yields bonus points if bid and made. East-West are competing in spades, hoping to play a contract in spades at a low level. 4♥ is the final contract, 10 tricks being required for N-S to make with hearts as trump.

South is the declarer, having been first to bid hearts, and the player to South's left, West, has to choose the first card in the play, known as the opening lead. West chooses the spade king because spades is the suit the partnership has shown strength in, and because they have agreed that when they hold two touching honors (or adjacent honors) they will play the higher one first. West plays the card face down, to give their partner and the declarer (but not dummy) a chance to ask any last questions about the bidding or to object if they believe West is not the correct hand to lead. After that, North's cards are laid on the table and North becomes dummy, as both the North and South hands will be controlled by the declarer. West turns the lead card face up, and the declarer studies the two hands to make a plan for the play. On this hand, the trump ace, a spade, and a diamond trick must be lost, so declarer must not lose a trick in clubs.

If the ♣K is held by West, South will find it very hard to prevent it from making a trick (unless West leads a club). However, there is an almost-equal chance that it is held by East, in which case it can be 'trapped' against the ace, and will be beaten, using a tactic known as a finesse.

After considering the cards, the declarer directs dummy (North) to play a small spade. East plays low (small card) and South takes the ♠A, gaining the lead. (South may also elect to duck, but for the purpose of this example, let us assume South wins the ♠A at trick 1). South proceeds by drawing trump, leading the ♥K. West decides there is no benefit to holding back, and so wins the trick with the ace, and then cashes the ♠Q. For fear of conceding a ruff and discard, West plays the ♦2 instead of another spade. Declarer plays low from the table, and East scores the ♦Q. Not having anything better to do, East returns the remaining trump, taken in South's hand. The trumps now accounted for, South can now execute the finesse, perhaps trapping the king as planned. South enters the dummy (i.e. wins a trick in the dummy's hand) by leading a low diamond, using dummy's ♦A to win the trick, and leads the ♣Q from dummy to the next trick. East covers the queen with the king, and South takes the trick with the ace, and proceeds by cashing the remaining master♣J. (If East doesn't play the king, then South will play a low club from South's hand and the queen will win anyway, this being the essence of the finesse). The game is now safe: South ruffs a small club with a dummy's trump, then ruffs a diamond in hand for an entry back, and ruffs the last club in dummy (sometimes described as a crossruff). Finally, South claims the remaining tricks by showing his or her hand, as it now contains only high trumps and there's no need to play the hand out to prove they are all winners.

(The trick-by-trick notation used above can be also expressed in tabular form, but a textual explanation is usually preferred in practice, for reader's convenience. Plays of small cards or discards are often omitted from such a description, unless they were important for the outcome).

North-South score the required 10 tricks, and their opponents take the remaining three. The contract is fulfilled, and North enters the pair numbers, the contract, and the score of +420 for the winning side (North is in charge of bookkeeping in duplicate tournaments) on the traveling sheet. North asks East to check the score entered on the traveller. All players return their own cards to the board, and the next deal is played.

On the prior hand, it is quite possible that the ♣K is held by West. For example, by swapping the ♣K and ♥A between the defending hands. Then the 4♥ contract would fail by one trick (unless West had led a club early in the play). However the failure of the contract would not mean that 4♥ is a bad contract on this hand. The contract depends on the club finesse working, or a mis-defense. The bonus points awarded for making a game contract far outweigh the penalty for going one off, so it is best strategy in the long run to bid game contracts such as this one.

Similarly, there is a minuscule chance that the ♣K is in the west hand, but the west hand has no other clubs. In that case, declarer can succeed by simply cashing the ♣A, felling the ♣K and setting up the ♣Q as a winner. However the chance of this is far lower than the simple chance of approximately 50% that East started with the ♣K. Therefore, the superior percentage play is to take the club finesse, as described above.

Computer bridge[edit]

User-based play[edit]

After many years of little progress, computer bridge made great progress at the end of the 20th century. In 1996, the ACBL initiated official World Championships Computer Bridge, to be held annually along with a major bridge event. Google sheets for macbook pro. The first Computer Bridge Championship took place in 1997 at the North American Bridge Championships in Albuquerque, New Mexico.

Strong bridge playing programs such as Jack (World Champion in 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006 and 2009), Wbridge5 (World Champion in 2005, 2007 and 2008), RoboBridge^[57] and many-time finalist Bridge Baron, would probably rank among the top few thousand human pairs worldwide. A series of articles published in 2005 and 2006 in the Dutch bridge magazine IMP describes matches between Jack and seven top Dutch pairs. A total of 196 boards were played. Overall, the program Jack lost, but by a small margin (359 versus 385 imps).

Internet-based play[edit]

There are several free and subscription-based services available for playing bridge on the internet. For example:

OKbridge^[58] is the oldest of the still-running internet bridge services: was established as a commercial enterprise in 1994, but the program started to be used interactively in August 1990 on players of all standards. Beginners to world class may be found playing there.^[59] OKbridge is a subscription-based club, with services such as customer support and ethics reviews.
SWAN Games^[60] was founded April, 2000. In March 2004, announced a partnership to provide internet services to SBF members and is a competitor in subscription-based online bridge clubs.^[59]
Bridge Base Online (BBO) is the most active online bridge club in the world, with more than 100 000 daily connections and 500 000 hands played each day,^[59] in part because it is free to play regular games and volunteer-run tournaments.

Some national contract bridge organizations now offer online bridge play to their members, including the English Bridge Union, the Dutch Bridge Federation and the Australian Bridge Federation. MSN and Yahoo! Games have several online rubber bridge rooms. In 2001, the WBF issued a special edition of the lawbook adapted for internet and other electronic forms of the game.

Card games related to bridge[edit]

Lost Heir
Rex Bridge (includes all features of Contract Bridge and more)

References[edit]

Notes[edit]

^In face-to-face games, a convenient table size is 32 to 40 inches (80 to 100 cm) square^[2]^[3] or a similarly-sized round table allowing each player to reach to the center of the table during the play of the cards. In online computer play, players from anywhere in the world sit at a virtual table.
^The terms deal, hand and board may be used interchangeably in bridge literature. More accurately, a hand is one player's holding of 13 cards, a deal is the four hands in one allocation of 52 cards; a board is a term more applicable to duplicate bridge and refers to a deal.
^e.g., if North is the dealer, they make a call, then the auction continues with East, South, West, and so on.
^For example, if player A bids 2♥ and player B, their partner, raises to 4♥ and that becomes the final contract, then player A becomes declarer.
^If the declaring side makes a contract of 3NT and takes exactly nine tricks, fulfilling the contract (6 + 3), they receive 40 points for the first odd trick, and 60 (30 × 2) points for the remaining odd tricks, adding up to 100 contract points. If the contract was doubled or redoubled, the declaring side receives 200 and 400 points respectively. Additional bonus points may apply depending on the variation played; for example, in duplicate bridge, the declaring side is awarded a game bonus for having won 100 or more contract points, which is 500 if vulnerable, for a total of 600 points (500 + 100), or 300 if not vulnerable, for a total of 400 points (300 + 100).

Citations[edit]

^Reese, Terence (1980). Bridge. Teach Yourself Books. Hodder and Stoughton. p. 1. ISBN0-340-32438-4.
^'Bridge Tables'. Kardwell International. Retrieved August 31, 2019.
^'Furniture'. Baron Barclay Bridge Supply. Retrieved August 31, 2019.
^Martha T. Moore (December 19, 2005). 'Billionaires bank on bridge to trump poker'. USA Today. Retrieved 29 March 2016.
^'At the Bridge Table, Clues to a Lucid Old Age'. The New York Times. 22 May 2009. Retrieved 29 March 2016.
^Kantar, Eddie (2006). Bridge for Dummies (2nd ed.). Wiley Publishing, Inc. p. 11. ISBN978-0-471-92426-5.
^'Etymology of 'bridge' (the card game)'. English Language & Usage. Stack Exchange. Retrieved 29 March 2016.
^Alan Truscott (February 2, 1992). 'Bridge'. The New York Times.
^ ^a^b^cLaws of Rubber Bridge, Law 44, pp. 20–21.
^Laws of Rubber Bridge, Law 1, p. 3.
^ ^a^bLaws of Rubber Bridge, Law 3, pp. 3–4.
^Gibson 1974, pp. 632–636.
^Laws of Rubber Bridge, Law 72(a), pp. 34–35.
^Laws of Rubber Bridge, Law 19, p. 10.
^Laws of Rubber Bridge, Law 18, p. 10.
^ ^a^bLaws of Rubber Bridge, Law 22, p. 11.
^ ^a^b^cGibson 1974, p. 135.
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^fLaws of Rubber Bridge, Law 81, pp. 37–39.
^ ^a^bLaws of Rubber Bridge, Law 41, p. 19.
^Gibson 1974, p. 134.
^ ^a^bLaws of Rubber Bridge, Law 8, pp. 5–6.
^Laws of Duplicate Bridge, Law 6, pp. 9–10.
^Laws of Duplicate Bridge, Law 7, p. 11.
^Laws of Duplicate Bridge, p. 136: 'The ACBL Board of Directors authorizes tournament organizers in ACBL sanctioned events to use bidding boxes.'
^Laws of Duplicate Bridge, Law 80, pp. 99–100.
^Laws of Rubber Bridge, Law 4, p. 4.
^Laws of Duplicate Bridge, Law 6B & 6E, pp. 9–10.
^Laws of Duplicate Bridge, Law 7B & 7C, p. 11.
^Gibson 1974, pp. 135–136.
^Laws of Rubber Bridge, Law 40, pp. 18–19.
^Laws of Rubber Bridge, Part I ('Definitions'): Declarer.
^Gibson 1974, pp. 136–137.
^Laws of Rubber Bridge, Law 43, p. 20.
^Laws of Rubber Bridge, Law 68–71, pp. 32–34.
^Laws of Rubber Bridge, Law 68–71, pp. 82–86.
^Gibson 1974, p. 138.
^Laws of Duplicate Bridge, Law 2, p. 6.
^ ^a^bLaws of Rubber Bridge, Law 72–74, pp. 34–35.
^ ^a^b^c^dLaws of Duplicate Bridge, Law 77, p. 95.
^'The Laws of Duplicate Bridge 2017'(PDF). World Bridge Federation. Retrieved 2018-07-29.
^Laws of Duplicate Bridge
^'Basic Laws and Regulations'. ACBL website. A cross-referenced listing with additional documentation is also available at 'Bridge Laws Index'. BridgeHands.
^Laws of Rubber Bridge
^'The WBF Code of Laws for Electronic Bridge 2001'(PDF). World Bridge Federation.
^Werner, Einar; Alvar Stenberg & Hans-Olof Hallén (editors) (1960 [1948]). Bridge: en fullständig och allsidig redogörelse för det nutida bridgevetandet. pp. 12–13. Malmö: Svensk bridgelitteratur [Swedish Bridge Literature], OCLC186632656, 924102244 909 pp.
^Depaulis, Thierry; Fuchs, Jac (Sep–Oct 2003). 'First Steps of Bridge in the West: Collinson's 'Biritch''(PDF). The Playing-Card. Vol. 32 no. 2. The International Playing-Card Society. pp. 67–76.
^John Collinson (9 July 1886). 'Biritch, or Russian Whist'. Retrieved 2018-07-29 – via Pagat.com [2007].
^Elwell 1905 and Benedict 1900
^Melrose 1901
^Foster 1889
^David Owen (September 17, 2007). 'Turning Tricks – The rise and fall of contract bridge'. The New Yorker.
^Franco Carraro (Olympic Programme Commission Chairman) (August 2002). 'Review of the Olympic programme and the recommendations on the programme of the games of the XXIX Olympiad, Beijing 2008'(PDF). IOC Executive Board. p. 8.
^'High Court rules bridge is not a sport'. BBC News. 15 October 2015.
^Francis et al. 2001, p. 576. See World Bridge Federation (WBF).
^Andrew Robson. Stayman & Transfer. Bridge Lessons. (Deal 1).
^Andrew Robson. Stayman & Transfer. Bridge Lessons. (Deal 14).
^'RoboBridge'. RoboBridge. 2011-10-22. Retrieved 2011-11-05.
^'Bridge Online Play Bridge Game On Line - OKbridge'. okbridge.com. Retrieved 29 March 2016.
^ ^a^b^cManley et al. (2011), p. 597
^'Online Bridge'. swangames.com. Retrieved 29 March 2016.

Bibliography[edit]

American Contract Bridge League (2016). 'Laws of Duplicate Bridge'(PDF). Horn Lake, MS.
American Contract Bridge League (2014). 'Laws of Rubber Bridge'(PDF). Horn Lake, MS.
Francis, Henry G., Editor-in-Chief; Truscott, Alan F., Executive Editor; Francis, Dorthy A., Editor, Sixth Edition (2001). The Official Encyclopedia of Bridge (6th ed.). Memphis, TN: American Contract Bridge League. ISBN0-943855-44-6. OCLC49606900.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
Gibson, Walter B. (1974). Hoyle's Modern Encyclopedia of Card Games: Rules of All the Basic Games and Popular Variations. Garden City, NY: Dolphin Books. ISBN978-0385076807.
Kantar, Eddie (2012). Bridge for Dummies (3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN978-1-118-24083-0.
Manley, Brent, Editor; Horton, Mark, Co-Editor; Greenberg-Yarbro, Tracey, Co-Editor; Rigal, Barry, Co-Editor (2011). The Official Encyclopedia of Bridge (7th ed.). Horn Lake, MS: American Contract Bridge League. ISBN978-0-939460-99-1.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)

External links[edit]

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Bridge Card Game History

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Computer bridge[edit]

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